Passage Three

　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:��

　　What is terrorism?��

　　In a growing number of conflicts around the world, one or both sides　attempt to label the other as “terrorist” in an effort to win support for their own causes. Yet as the so-called “terrorists group” often proclaim, a clear distinction between a terrorist　action and a non-terrorist military operation is frequently difficult to establish. Most governments argue that terrorism is defined by violent methods to achieve political ends which are undertaken by organizations not recognized by the world community as legitimate representatives of a nation; furthermore, random acts of violence, like attacks on school buses or shopping centers, are labeled as “terrorist”. Political organization as the IRA(Irish

　　Republican Army) and the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)　have been dubbed(稱為) “terrorists”, by the governments of England and Israel because of their tactics and their non-official statuses as representatives of accurately defined nations. In the case of the PLO, however, its election to power under Yasser Arafat has now　confused its former recognition as terrorist. Even the IRA is　earning status as an authentic opposition voice to the continued　presence of British troops on Irish soil.��All this simply highlights the problems of separating what is a　legitimate political organization with “the right” to employ　violence to achieve political ends from so-called terrorist groups.　Inseparable from this issue is historical precedence(地位先后) and the　degree of power and prestige an organization or nation has on the　world stage. For example, while most independent observes would　agree that the IRA setting off a bomb in a London subway station　confirms its notoriety, they would be less certain that Israel’s　recent bombing of a refugee camp is equally “terrorist”, despite the　fact that many more innocent people were killed and injured in the　latter incident than in the former. This raises the question, though　certainly not for the first time, whether legitimate, even　democratically elected, governments are also capable of terrorist　action. Is there always a clear moral distinction between the　behavior of normally respected nations and that of “rogue”(流氓)　organizations? What does seem clear from these reflections is not　that terrorist actions are in any way justified, but that the use of　such labels is sometimes based on a political need rather than on　superior moral or ethical grounds.��

　　31.What is the point the article tries to make?��

　　A) Non-official status of a political organization involves　terrorist suspicion.��

　　B) Terrorism defies clear-cut distinction.��

　　C) Terrorist element exists in every violent conflict.��

　　D) Government actions are never guilty of terrorism.��

　　32.Which of the following could be concluded from the article?��

　　A)An indisputable example of a terrorist group is PLO.��

　　B)Actions to achieve political ends cannot avoid using force.��

　　C)An acceptable criterion for terrorism is killing civilians.��

　　D)International prestige is a justification for violence.��

　　33.The classification of PLO is now less clear because___.��

　　A) it begins to show friendly attitude towards Israel��

　　B) it stands for an independent state in the Middle East��

　　C) it is no longer engaged in random performance of violence��

　　D) it is the elected political representative of the Palestine��

　　34.It could be logically inferred from the article that____.��

　　A) terrorism is not being defined on ethical criteria��

　　B) defense actions committed on a foreign land is admissible��

　　C) terrorism unavoidably involves immoral policies��

　　D) democratic nations are innocent of terrorism��

　　35.The author wrote this article to ___.��

　　A) show sympathy to unrecognized national forces��

　　B) condemn political motives in defining terrorism��

　　C) justify the ambiguity in giving terrorism labels��

　　D) call for better approaches to terrorism

　　Passage Four

　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:��

　　It is curious how much one despises and condemns the vices which one　does not happen to possess. I am indeed not a severe man, nor would　I permit myself to become intolerant of those failings which I share　with others. But, having no particular temptation to be untruthful,　I find myself believing that when one comes to think of it, truth is　the major virtue and lying the most blameworthy of all the vices.��I　should like, therefore, to get my mind a little clearer on the truth　question. I flatter myself, as I have said, that I am a truthful　man: a man who, when he tells a lie, is careful not to forget that　he has done so, and who takes infinite precautions to prevent his　being found out. This, in the end, is the only test by which you can　distinguish the liar from the man of truth. The latter which is　bothered by untruthfulness, is worried and anxious. The real liar,　however, is merely amused: he doesn’t mind in the least even if he　is subsequently exposed: he regards the truthful man as somewhat of　a fool.��

　　But this surely is one of the many false statements with which the　real liar will try hard to idealize his failing. It may be inevitabe　and even just to tell lies, but it cannot seriously be argued that　such habits are intelligent. A lie is always an act of mental　cowardice, whereas intelligence is brave. And yet there was　Bismarck, and yet there was Napoleon-surely intelligent man, and　surely liars. The problem, therefore, is not so simple as it seems.�ァ�It was simple enough, in those old days, to define with approximate　accuracy when a given statement ceased to be the truth and became a　lie. The essential test was whether the maker of a false statement　knew that he was saying something false, and consciously wished his　audience to accept, and to remain under, this false impression. Life　in civilized communities is a process of adjusting the personal to　the social, of conforming the individual impression to the joint　impressions of the common people. This process of adjustment leads　inevitably and rightly to a certain unconscious deception. Absolute　truth, whether unconscious or even conscious, is thus impossible. It　is to relative truth only that we can hope to aspire.��

　　36.The author suggests that it is usual that___.��

　　A) a person shows strong disapproval of the vices an individual　doesn’t have��

　　B) everyone feels contempt for the vices that most people have��

　　C) most people are unlikely to condemn the vices they possess��

　　D) the vices one doesn’t possess are worthy of severe condemnation��

　　37.The author claims that___.��

　　A) he wouldn’t tolerate the vices that people have in common��

　　B) he doesn’t feel particular contempt for being untruthful��

　　C) one may be tempted to untruthfulness when one comes to think of　it��

　　D) untruthfulness is a serious fault of character which he condemns　strongly��

　　38.The essential distinction between a truthful person and a liar　lies in the fact that ___.��

　　A) the former feels uneasy about the untruths he happens to tell��

　　B) the latter takes great care to hinder his untruths from being　exposed��

　　C) the former is willing to confess his untruthfulness when he tells　a lie��

　　D) the latter is only amazed if his untruths area disclosed��

　　39.It is true，according to the text，real liars will___.��

　　A) try hard to perfect their vices with false statements��

　　B) believe it unavoidable and reasonable for everyone to tell lies��

　　C) argue that their habits of telling lies are intelligent rather　than foolish��

　　D) are misunderstood as being either cowardly or brave individuals��

　　40.In the author’s opinion,___.��

　　A) bismarck and Napoleon were intelligent men of truth��

　　B) in modern society, nobody can escape the risk of making a false　statement, intentionally or unintentionally��

　　C) untruthful man is worried about being found out��

　　D) our civilized life makes conscious lies impossible

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