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Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Designing a lens can be compared to playing chess. In chess a player tries to trap his opponent's king in a series of moves. In creating a lens a lens designer attempts to “trap” light by forcing all the rays arising from a single point in the subject to focus on a single point in the image, as a consequence of their passing through a series of transparent( 透明的) elements with precisely curved surfaces. Since in both cases the ultimate goal and the means by which it can be attained are known, one is tempted to think there will be a single best decision at any point along the way. The number of possible consequences flowing from any one decision is so large, however, as to bevirtually, if not actually, infinite. Therefore in lens design, as inchess, perfect solutions to a problem are beyond reach. Although this article will be concerned only with the design of photographic lenses, the same principles apply to all lenses.
The lens designer has one enormous advantage over the chess player: the designer is free to call on any available source of help to guide him through the staggering number of possibilities. Most of that help once came from mathematics and physics, but recently computer technology, information theory,chemistry, industrial engineering and psychophysics have all contributed to making the lens designer's job immeasurably more productive. Some of the lenses on the market today were inconceivable a decade ago. Others whose design is as much as a century old can now be massproduced at low cost. With the development of automatic production methods, lenses are made by the millions, both out of glass and out of plastics. Today's lenses are better than the best lenses used by the great photographers of the past.Moreover, their price may lower, in spite of the fact that 19thcentury craftsmen worked for only a few dollars a week and today's lenses are more complex. The lens designer cannot fail to be grateful for the science and technology that have made his work easier and his creations more widely available, but he is also humbled: it is no longer practical for a fine photographic lens to be designed from beginning to end by a single human mind.
31.Lens design and chess playing are similar in that ____.
A) the final goal and the means by which it can be reached are known
B) perfect solutions to a problem can be found
C) any one decision at any point along the way to the goal can bring numerous possible results
D) both A and C
32.The final goal of designing a lens is ____.
A) to trap the opponent's lenses
B) to focus light with lenses
C) to handmake lenses at low cost
D) to reflect light by means of curved surfaces
33.After the passage the author will talk about ____.
A) the principles of designing lenses
B) techniques of making contact lenses
C) the design of photographic lenses
D) styles of lenses
34.Which of the following words cannot be used to describe today's lenses?
A) More delicate. C) Numerous.
B) Cheaper. D) Unpopular.
35.Lens designers today ____.
A) have a large source of help to fall back on
B) receive a low salary
C) are less respectable than those of the past
D) are not decisive in the lens design
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Part Ⅰstarts with a brief introductory chapter and then takes up Style and Organization, covering them in that order because skill or lack of skill in style affects all writing, while much technical writing is so short as to offer no problems of organization. These chapters are followed by one on Mechanics, covering matters of form that are peculiar to technical writing or else crop up in it with abnormal frequency.
The chapter on Special Problems, which follows, performs a dual function. It provides writing assignments that may be used while the study of style, organization, and mechanics is still under way, and it explains ways of handling certain problems that may arise during the writing of reports, proposals, and other longer forms. We have also expanded the treatment of technical articles — recognizing the potential contribution of article writing to the career of the writer and the value of the article to science and technology.
In Part Ⅱ, a change of emphasis at one point is reflected in the new title for Chapter 8, Nonformal Reports — Their Variation in Form and Purpose, which was formerly called Special Types of Reports. Though certain special types of reports are still discussed, additional emphasis is given to the fact that there does not exist any universally accepted set of types, under which all reports can be classified.
Two other extensive changes have been made in Part Ⅱ: The chapter on Proposals, which first appeared in the second edition, has been rewritten and substantially expanded so as to cover that important subject more thoroughly. Also, an entirely new chapter, Oral Presentation of Technical Information, has been added. Though a study of this chapter is no substitute for training in public speaking, we believe that its recommendations can nevertheless be of substantial assistance to those who use this book on the numerous occasions when they will be called upon to present their ideas in person before a small group or a large audience.
36.The passage is most probably a preface to ____.
A) a technical writing handbook
B) a handbook on composition
C) a book on a literary writing
D) a scientific paper
37.In part I, the writer arranges the chapters in the order of ____.
A) Introduction—Organization—Special Problems—Style—Nonformal Reports
B) Introduction—Style—Organization—Special Types of Reports—Mechanics
C) Introduction—Style—Organization—Mechanics—Special Problems
D) Introduction—Style—Proposals—Special Problems—Mechanics
38.You can find some writing exercises in ____.
A) the chapter on Organization
B) the chapter on Style
C) the chapter on Special Problems
D) the chapter on Proposals
39.According to the passage, the chapter on Oral Presentation of Technical Information appears in ____ of the book.
A) Part Ⅰ of the first edition
B) Part Ⅱ of the second edition
C) Part Ⅰ of the second edition
D) Part Ⅱ of the third edition
40.Which of the following is not true of Part Ⅱ of the new edition?
A) There isn't the chapter on Special Types of Reports.
B) The chapter on Oral Presentation of Technical Information is rewritten and expanded.
C) The chapter on Proposals is a revised chapter.
D) There is a change of the title of Chapter 8.
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