聽(tīng)寫(xiě)是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的腦手相結(jié)合的活動(dòng)。它不僅需要用耳朵去辨別聲音信息,而且要求對(duì)經(jīng)過(guò)耳雜輸入大腦的信號(hào)進(jìn)行處理,再通過(guò)手迅速準(zhǔn)確地記錄下來(lái)。實(shí)踐證明,這是一項(xiàng)培養(yǎng)和測(cè)試學(xué)生語(yǔ)言能力的重要方法。專(zhuān)家證實(shí),在短時(shí)間內(nèi);要測(cè)驗(yàn)出一個(gè)人的英語(yǔ)水平,聽(tīng)寫(xiě)和做綜合填充題就很好。為避免多項(xiàng)選擇的偏差,近年來(lái)四、六級(jí)統(tǒng)考以及全國(guó)高等教育自學(xué)考試的英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力科目都增加了聽(tīng)寫(xiě)試題。其中四、六級(jí)聽(tīng)寫(xiě)占聽(tīng)力總分的50%(10分);自考聽(tīng)寫(xiě)占總分的30%(30分)。由此可見(jiàn)聽(tīng)寫(xiě)的重要性。
(1)聽(tīng)寫(xiě)測(cè)試的形式
聽(tīng)寫(xiě)的測(cè)試方法有多種,較常見(jiàn)的有以下幾種:第一種是單純的單句、段落或短文聽(tīng)寫(xiě)(Dictation),一般播放三遍,第一遍為正常語(yǔ)速;第二遍稍慢(有時(shí)還在每句間留出一定時(shí)間供記錄);第三遍為正常語(yǔ)速。此種為自考所采用。第二種是傳統(tǒng)式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)填空(Spot Dictation)。它給出一篇100~200字短文,短文按一定規(guī)律(每隔7個(gè)單詞)留出空白,要求學(xué)生根據(jù)錄音填空,每空一詞。此種多出現(xiàn)在聽(tīng)力教程和小型測(cè)試中。第三種和第四種為近幾年四、六級(jí)統(tǒng)考中使用的兩種新題型,即Spot Dictation和Compound Dictation。前者雖然也叫Spot Dictation,但實(shí)際的測(cè)試形式已有所變化。試題冊(cè)上給出一篇不完整(約10處空)約120字的短文,要求考生根據(jù)錄音在空格處填入一個(gè)句子(一般在15個(gè)詞以下)或者填入句子的一個(gè)部分(幾個(gè)詞或一個(gè)詞組),共約50個(gè)詞。所填入的內(nèi)容往往是關(guān)鍵詞或與中心思想相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。全文以“大綱”規(guī)定的語(yǔ)速朗讀三遍,第一遍沒(méi)有停頓,供考生聽(tīng)懂全文大意;第二遍在空格后有停頓(約7秒),要求考生把聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容填人空格;第三遍與第一遍一樣,沒(méi)有停頓,供考生進(jìn)行核對(duì)。
與傳統(tǒng)聽(tīng)寫(xiě)填空的不同之處在于:
①空格位置沒(méi)有規(guī)律。
②填充內(nèi)容由原來(lái)的一個(gè)詞增加到若干個(gè)(平均每空5個(gè)詞),乃至填寫(xiě)句子。因此,在難度上比傳統(tǒng)式填空有所增加。下面是一篇Spot Dictation的樣題。
Believe or not,43 000 000 Americans are gardening.That’Sabout one in six.Gardenem,of course,come in many varieties.Not surprisingly,most of them are people who live in the suburbs,and enojy planting flowers,or maybe a small vegetable garden.
The average age of gardeners in America is about 45 years old;they usually fall somewhere in the middle class,,But the fa,stest growing groups are city dwellers.,Urban residents are finding ways of gardening even in their crowded areas.Many go to large public gardens,as a place designed by the city for garden,and you can actually ranch your own plot.
Still other people use their balconies or roof tops,wherever they can find the space to plant small patches of green。
我們?cè)賮?lái)看Compound Dictation(復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě))。它包括兩部分:第一部分要求考生根據(jù)錄音內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確填出空格里的詞匯,一般為一個(gè)單詞,全段共填8-10個(gè)單詞;第二部分要求考生聽(tīng)完后寫(xiě)出該部分的文章重點(diǎn)(main points);
復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)的全文內(nèi)容約250字,共朗讀三遍。第一遍為全文朗讀,語(yǔ)速正常,中間無(wú)停頓;第二遍朗讀時(shí)在文章第一部分每個(gè)空格后略有停頓,供考生填寫(xiě)所缺單詞;在文章第二部分念完后有約5分鐘時(shí)間,讓考生根據(jù)所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容寫(xiě)出主要意思;第三遍又以正常語(yǔ)速朗讀全文,沒(méi)有停頓。此類(lèi)題旨在考核學(xué)生的聽(tīng)、記能力和書(shū)面表達(dá)能力。有一點(diǎn)需要提醒大家的是,導(dǎo)言中特別要求考生:“After listening to the second part of the passage,you are required to write down the main points according to what you have heard'’,也就是說(shuō)你不能照錄音原文做記錄,而應(yīng)在聽(tīng)懂全文后進(jìn)行歸納,并用自己的話(huà)簡(jiǎn)煉地將要點(diǎn)表達(dá)出來(lái)。
以下是一篇Compound Dictation的第二部分,劃線(xiàn)部分為所缺內(nèi)容,要求考生根據(jù)這部分內(nèi)容,歸納出要點(diǎn)。
In general, when moving about a city at night, it is wise to keep to the more traveled and better lighted streets. If you must travel through areas of a city that are considered dangerous or deserted, you should go by bus or taxi rather than on foot.Avoid parks after dark since they too are likely to be deserted.
Some cities have special telephone numbers to report a fire or call the police. You will find these listed in the front of the telephone book and on public telephones. If the number is not posted, you can reach the police or fire department by calling the operator on the telephone.If you have an automobile accident, you should call the police and wait until they arrive.
應(yīng)寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn):
①A.You shoul go to a dangerous part of a city by bus or taxi instead of going on foot.
B.Don’t go through parks after dark.
②A.Try to have some important telephone numbers in case of danger.
B.The other way to get through to the police is to call the operator on the phone.
但也有一種復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)是要求考生根據(jù)錄音寫(xiě)出7個(gè)單詞和三個(gè)完整句子,由于句子不算太復(fù)雜,也允許考生根據(jù)原文聽(tīng)寫(xiě)記錄。
(2)掌握聽(tīng)寫(xiě)的正確方法
我們常?吹胶芏嗤瑢W(xué)在聽(tīng)寫(xiě)單句時(shí)這樣做:錄音中念第一遍時(shí),他記下這句話(huà)的頭兩個(gè)詞,當(dāng)念第二遍時(shí),他再添上幾個(gè)聽(tīng)到的詞,待到第三遍時(shí),再添上幾筆。結(jié)果,整個(gè)單句的聽(tīng)寫(xiě)變成了單詞聽(tīng)寫(xiě),而全然不知原試句說(shuō)的是什么。自然,寫(xiě)出來(lái)的句子支離破碎,連他自己也看不明白。這是絕不可取的!做單句聽(tīng)寫(xiě)的正確步驟應(yīng)當(dāng)是:
①念第一遍時(shí)集中精力仔細(xì)聽(tīng),并立即復(fù)述,在復(fù)述過(guò)程中領(lǐng)會(huì)尚未完全理解的句子部分,通過(guò)出聲復(fù)述(不要過(guò)大,以能讓自己聽(tīng)到為宜),讓大腦對(duì)句子內(nèi)容加深印象。(注意:此時(shí)不忙動(dòng)筆,而應(yīng)力求迅速領(lǐng)會(huì)。)
②念第二遍時(shí),立即寫(xiě)下你已基本領(lǐng)會(huì)的句子。由于這一遍語(yǔ)速較慢,你仍可采用邊聽(tīng)、邊復(fù)述、邊記錄的方法。
③讀第三遍時(shí),仔細(xì)核對(duì),看是否有遺漏,并及時(shí)修正。
以上方法對(duì)聽(tīng)寫(xiě)段落或短文也同樣適用,只是后兩種在第一步時(shí)還須增加一點(diǎn),就是對(duì)文中的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)(如關(guān)鍵詞、耐間、地點(diǎn)、人物、主要觀點(diǎn)等)簡(jiǎn)單做些筆記(當(dāng)然是在草紙上),這樣有助于我們透過(guò)這些信息詞來(lái)整理記憶,理清頭緒。
下面我們著重談?wù)凷pot?Dictation和Compound Dictation兩種題型的應(yīng)試方法。我們認(rèn)為做這類(lèi)聽(tīng)寫(xiě)重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在下列幾個(gè)方面。
(1)積極預(yù)測(cè)
聽(tīng)寫(xiě)部分(除復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)的第二部分外)所提供的文字信息往往比所要填入的信息多得多,利用這些已知信息去預(yù)測(cè)未知信息,可以大大提高填詞的針對(duì)性,減少盲目性,爭(zhēng)取主動(dòng)。具體來(lái)講,當(dāng)播放導(dǎo)言時(shí),利用此間快速搶讀全篇給出的現(xiàn)有文字,了解文章的大致內(nèi)容,同時(shí)預(yù)測(cè)空格處所填文字是單詞、詞組還是句子,并確立其詞性和基本意義。
(2)采用“四邊”處理法錄音正式開(kāi)始時(shí),仔細(xì)聽(tīng)每個(gè)句子,并努力把握全文大意。待播放第二遍時(shí),將注意力集中在空格部分,迅速聽(tīng)記(邊聽(tīng)、邊復(fù)述、邊理解、邊記錄),遇到生詞不必慌張,先記下其首寫(xiě)字母,以幫助稍后聯(lián)想。
(3)仔細(xì)核對(duì),以防疏漏
播放第三遍時(shí),檢查核對(duì)全文,注意單詞拼寫(xiě)是否正確,是否存在語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。單詞拼寫(xiě)正確與否往往暗示你是否真正聽(tīng)懂。在用自己的話(huà)表達(dá)句子要點(diǎn)時(shí),應(yīng)注意語(yǔ)法正確、表達(dá)切題。
下面通過(guò)實(shí)例來(lái)說(shuō)明“積極預(yù)測(cè)”的好處。
On an old-time farm in America there were chickens,(1)?,cows,pigs,and other livestock,but there were very few(2)?.Most of the work was done by the(3)?.farm family with the help of a“hired hand",Some times (4)?laborers were needed in the busy?(5).Horses(6)?about 80 percent of the(7)?
used, hum an labor15 percent,and machines only 6 percent.
Today all that has changed.Just as technology changes the face of industry,farms have undergone an.“agricultu ralrevolu-tion”(8)?.Modem farmers now have machanized‘‘hired hands'’and keep horses only for pleasure.Besides developing new machinery,scientists and engineers have helped the farmers in many
ways.(9)?.This means fewer but larger farms and fewer but more prosperous farmers.However the agricultural revolution is not over.(10)?.
考生利用導(dǎo)言這段時(shí)間,迅速瀏覽現(xiàn)有文字材料,可以歸納出文章的大致內(nèi)容:主題:美國(guó)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的今昔。段(1):美國(guó)舊時(shí)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的耕作模式——除人力外,主要靠牲口作幫手。段(2):與段(1)成對(duì)比,寫(xiě)經(jīng)歷農(nóng)業(yè)革命后的今日美國(guó)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的巨變——機(jī)械取代了牲畜(馬),更解放了人,以及由此帶來(lái)的極大好處。
從文章第一句中“…cows,pigs and other livestock”推知(1)肯定是農(nóng)家畜中的一類(lèi)。接著由“but”得到暗示,(2)處所填名詞一定與livestock相對(duì)。(3)處從語(yǔ)法上判斷只能是一個(gè)作定語(yǔ)的形容詞。(4)與(3)相同,(5)從in the busy判斷只可能是“time”、“seasons”之類(lèi)。(6)、(7)兩處由該句內(nèi)容馬、人力和機(jī)器各不相同的百分比可以推斷是講三者在從事農(nóng)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)方面所“提供的”(gave,offered或provided)“力”(power)。由第二段前兩句(見(jiàn)原文)可以推斷后一句必然是農(nóng)業(yè)革命也改變了農(nóng)場(chǎng)的根本面貌——(8)On the farm of today,machines provide almost all the pow—er,(機(jī)器已替代了馬的角色。)(9)句也可由上文推知下文是寫(xiě)由此而引發(fā)出怎樣的后果:(9)As a result,the farms of today are able to produce much more food with the same aumount of labor。再?gòu)腍owever,the agricultu ral revolution is not over”可推知下句一定是對(duì)美國(guó)農(nóng)民(或農(nóng)場(chǎng))未來(lái)的展望:“In the future,farmers will receive even greater benefits from science and technology.”如此猜測(cè)聯(lián)想之后再聽(tīng)錄音,效果當(dāng)然就大不相同了。