“超精讀”法--幫你攻克四、六級(jí)難關(guān)

    經(jīng)常有同學(xué)問(wèn)我：有沒(méi)有什么捷徑能夠順利地通過(guò)四、六級(jí)和考研英語(yǔ)考試? 我的回答總是：沒(méi)有。但是，幫助同學(xué)們找到一套科學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)方法，不僅可以提高英語(yǔ)能力，而且對(duì)考試也有切實(shí)的幫助，是我一直所追求的。結(jié)合我個(gè)人的學(xué)習(xí)體會(huì)，并經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的思考和教學(xué)中的摸索，我總結(jié)出了一套以閱讀為綱，提高英語(yǔ)綜合能力和突破四、六級(jí)和考研英語(yǔ)考試的“超精讀”方法，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們有點(diǎn)幫助。

　　大家不管在閱讀英文報(bào)刊(推薦閱讀Time, Newsweek, the Economist)還是真題的時(shí)候，第一遍都必須首先注意提高閱讀速度。 對(duì)報(bào)刊上的文章來(lái)說(shuō)，第一遍讀的時(shí)候不要查字典，記下起止時(shí)間，計(jì)算單位時(shí)間的閱讀量。 對(duì)真題來(lái)說(shuō)，更加要控制在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成，閱讀的時(shí)候就需要隨時(shí)對(duì)可能的考點(diǎn)作出標(biāo)記，最后結(jié)合解題技巧進(jìn)行解題。此時(shí)的重點(diǎn)放在訓(xùn)練速度、掌握文章大意、結(jié)構(gòu)、作者、專(zhuān)家等的觀點(diǎn)。

　　下一步就是對(duì)文章和考點(diǎn)、干擾項(xiàng)等進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析、總結(jié)。 這個(gè)時(shí)候就要仔細(xì)體會(huì)文章中精彩的語(yǔ)言，注意詞的使用、內(nèi)涵和搭配和擴(kuò)展，代詞和名詞的指代，以及對(duì)精彩句型的模仿和重要語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象的、長(zhǎng)句、難句、文章結(jié)構(gòu)的分析。另外，還要注意句子和句子之間的關(guān)系是什么，是因果、遞近、轉(zhuǎn)折還是什么，尤其注意文章的第一句和最后一句，以及每段的第一句和最后一句與其它句子的關(guān)系。體會(huì)每句話在文章中的作用。在此過(guò)程中，要培養(yǎng)自己對(duì)文章主要討論對(duì)象、關(guān)鍵詞，作者、專(zhuān)家的觀點(diǎn)、和語(yǔ)氣的把握，注意作者和專(zhuān)家的觀點(diǎn)， 專(zhuān)家和專(zhuān)家之間的觀點(diǎn)是否相同或相反或互補(bǔ)，以及作者和專(zhuān)家的語(yǔ)氣是贊成還是反對(duì)，是關(guān)注還是樂(lè)觀等等。如果是真題，還要仔細(xì)分析考點(diǎn)和正確、干擾選項(xiàng)的規(guī)律、特征。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，把文章盡可能的多讀幾遍，提高對(duì)文章中單詞、短語(yǔ)、句型等的反應(yīng)速度，閱讀速度自然也會(huì)提高。

　　如果能做到上面幾點(diǎn)，那么你才能說(shuō)真正的理解了文章，閱讀理解能力以及綜合英語(yǔ)能力都會(huì)得到很大的提高，其結(jié)果是對(duì)考試中的每個(gè)題型的把握都會(huì)更上一層樓。先從聽(tīng)力說(shuō)起，據(jù)研究，一個(gè)人的閱讀理解能力和聽(tīng)力水平是成正比關(guān)系的。試想，有的同學(xué)連聽(tīng)力原文都看不懂，怎么可能聽(tīng)懂呢。另外，在超精讀的過(guò)程中，所積累的詞匯能力，對(duì)詞匯題也有很大幫助，我做過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)，如果對(duì)10套左右的四、六級(jí)和考研閱讀真題中的詞匯進(jìn)行過(guò)深入學(xué)習(xí)，那么大綱中的重點(diǎn)詞匯就已經(jīng)被囊括大半了。而且，最好的詞匯記憶方法就是通過(guò)閱讀來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)，記得又牢又準(zhǔn)確。對(duì)翻譯、完形、改錯(cuò)、簡(jiǎn)短回答問(wèn)題等小題型，你就會(huì)覺(jué)得得心應(yīng)手了，因?yàn)槟銓?duì)這些題型的解題能力和你的閱讀、詞匯能力最相關(guān)。另外，還有作文，許多同學(xué)喜歡背模版，其實(shí)模版作文千篇一律，很難拿高分。如果大家在讀報(bào)刊和真題的過(guò)程中有意識(shí)地摘抄和模仿一些精彩地道的詞匯和句型，考試時(shí)信手拈來(lái)，無(wú)疑會(huì)吸引評(píng)卷老師的眼球。其實(shí)，大家想一想， 我們所閱讀的英文文章不都是精彩的作文范文嗎？ 如果同學(xué)們能夠在早晨或者傍晚朗誦或者背誦英文報(bào)刊文章或者就是真題閱讀文章，那么你眼睛里、耳朵里接觸到的都是地道的英語(yǔ)，那么堅(jiān)持下去，你的聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)能力都會(huì)很自然地提高了！

　　下面，我結(jié)合一些例子，說(shuō)明一下如何進(jìn)行超精讀。

　　【例一】2001年6月四級(jí)Passage　four

　　Questions　26　to　30　are　based　on　the　following　passage.

　　We　can　see　how　the　product　life　cycle　works　by　looking　at　the introduction　of　instant　coffee.　when　it　was　introduced,　most　people　did　not like　it　as　well　as　“regular” coffee　and　it　took　several　years　to　gain general acceptance　(introduction　stage).　At　one　point,　though,　instant　coffee　grew rapidly　in　popularity　and　many　brands　were　introduced　(stage　of　rapid growth).　After　a　while　people　became　attached　to　one　brand　and　sales leveled　off　(stage　of　maturity).　sales　went　into　a　slight　decline　(衰退)when freeze-dried　coffees　were　introduced　(stage　of　decline).

　　26. According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will_____.

　　A) decrease gradually B) remain at the same level

　　C) become unstable D) improve enormously

　　第一段中有三個(gè)句型可以在圖表作文中應(yīng)用：

　　1. instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity. 我們可以這樣模仿：the mobile phone has grown rapidly in popularity.

　　2. sales leveled off. 或者也可以這樣說(shuō):sales remained constant / steady / stable / much the same

　　3. sales went into a slight decline. 或者也可以這樣說(shuō): sales declined slightly / 如果下降幅度大可以說(shuō)sales declined dramatically / substantially / sharply / greatly / hugely.

　　同學(xué)們可以看一看是否掌握了這些文章的詞匯和擴(kuò)展詞匯：

　　life cycle / energy cycle / eternal cycle / business cycle / business circle /

　　instant coffee/ instant star / the instant / the minute / the moment / instantaneous

　　introduce a bill

　　general acceptance / general public / specific /

　　at one point / on the point / to the point

　　brand loyalty

　　become attached to / be detached from

　　maturity / mature / premature / ripe / sophisticated

　　【例二】2000年1月四級(jí)Passage Two

　　Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.

　　30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?

　　A) They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.

　　B) They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.

　　C) They are falling out of use in the United States.

　　D) They are applicable only on broad roads

　　請(qǐng)用心體會(huì)一下initially 這個(gè)詞的內(nèi)涵，其實(shí)，你一看到這個(gè)詞，就必須準(zhǔn)確predict出后面可能會(huì)有考點(diǎn)，而且肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)but, however, ultimately 一類(lèi)的轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比詞。答案B)。

　　【例三】六級(jí)2001年6月Passage Two

　　For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. ……

　　Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before.

　　Today Mars looms as humanity’s next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet’s reddish surface. Could it be science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at least destined to take a leading role? ……

　　With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. …..

　　36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past was_____ .

　　A) to display their country’s military might

　　B) to accomplish some significant science

　　C) to find new areas for colonization

　　D) to pursue commercial and state interests

　　37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is _____ .

　　A) international cooperation B) nationalistic reasons

　　C) scientific

　　D) long-term profits

　　同學(xué)們有沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)：economic / commercial / financial / profit ; nationalistic / political / military / cold war / nationalism; science / scientist/ scientific 都是近義詞或同一范疇的詞，也就是閱讀文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的同義換詞現(xiàn)象。如果一個(gè)詞的同義詞、相關(guān)詞在一篇文章中多次重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，必定是這篇文章的強(qiáng)調(diào)的地方，必定和考題相關(guān)。另外，請(qǐng)注意這兩到題的考法，先考過(guò)去，再考現(xiàn)在，一個(gè)是was, 一個(gè)是is。答案D、C。

　　【例四】考研2004年 Text 1

　　Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then emails them when a matching position is posted in the database.

　　….

　　Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs – those it considers the best matches. There maybe more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them – and they do.

　　44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?

　　A) To focus on better job matches.

　　B) To attract more returning visits.

　　C) To reserve space for more messages.

　　D) To increase the rate of success.

　　請(qǐng)各位同學(xué)仔細(xì)看一下下面這句話中them是指代什么：then emails them when a matching position is posted in the database. 有的輔導(dǎo)書(shū)上是這么翻譯的：然后給網(wǎng)上貼出的對(duì)應(yīng)崗位發(fā)個(gè)郵件/ 當(dāng)……時(shí)，你就通過(guò)EMAIL給這些人寄去相關(guān)的資料。其實(shí)，這里them指visitors。比如說(shuō)你訪問(wèn)某個(gè)求職網(wǎng)站，登記了你的要求，那么該網(wǎng)站可能會(huì)根據(jù)你的要求給你發(fā)email通知你，這就是所謂的interactive feature.

　　44題答案B, 實(shí)際上考的是一個(gè)例證題，但是表面上不很容易看出來(lái)，這就是考研難的地方。如果你平時(shí)注意分析第一句話和后面句子的關(guān)系，那么你就會(huì)知道， 例證題的答案經(jīng)常指向段落第一句話。答案中attract替換原文tempt。如果你在解題的時(shí)候只注意后面幾句話，就可能會(huì)做錯(cuò)答案或者速度慢了。

　　【例五】考研2002年 Text 4

　　The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

　　Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects – a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen – is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

　　56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that_____ .

　　A) doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain

　　B) it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives

　　C) the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide

　　D) patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

　　答案B, 這幾段里有不少和法律相關(guān)單詞可以學(xué)習(xí)，比如constitutional / rule / supreme court, rule 這個(gè)詞在這里是裁決的意思，很多死背詞匯書(shū)的同學(xué)考試中就不一定能夠反應(yīng)出這個(gè)意思。這道題目的干擾項(xiàng)之一C很有意思，大家有沒(méi)有注意到strongly這個(gè)詞，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)就錯(cuò)在這里。請(qǐng)看一下第二段Although這句話， 體會(huì)一下這句話的內(nèi)涵(盡管，但是)，這句話的內(nèi)涵是最高法院盡管認(rèn)為醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺是非法的，是持反對(duì)態(tài)度的，但并不是強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)！ 所以大家在做題的時(shí)候一定要注意選項(xiàng)中的形容詞和副詞等限定詞，這些地方經(jīng)常是陷阱，同樣文章中出現(xiàn)這類(lèi)詞匯也需要高度警惕。

　　因?yàn)闀r(shí)間關(guān)系，就簡(jiǎn)單地舉這些例子，大家還有什么問(wèn)題，或者我說(shuō)的不當(dāng)?shù)牡胤剑瑲g迎一起討論！英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的道路是永無(wú)止境的！

　　最后引用一個(gè)我與一個(gè)網(wǎng)上同學(xué)的對(duì)話來(lái)結(jié)束這篇文章，希望各位同學(xué)都能早日視深刻地理解英語(yǔ)為一種享受，并順利攻克四、六級(jí)考研英語(yǔ)。

　　同學(xué)：您說(shuō)的超精讀會(huì)花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間的，難道不是嗎?

　　答：呵呵，你搞錯(cuò)了，你做題目的時(shí)候是在40分鐘之內(nèi)完成。研究題目的時(shí)候超精讀，知道嗎？精讀之外，研究好出題點(diǎn)，解題技巧，怎么會(huì)過(guò)不了？不花時(shí)間，怎么提高？你不精讀，這次過(guò)不了，下次還要再考，更花時(shí)間。

　　最關(guān)鍵的是要下苦功，才能享受甜蜜的勝利果實(shí)！(作者：丁曉鐘)