同學(xué)們:

　　大家好。

　　很高興又與同學(xué)們相聚網(wǎng)上課堂。本講我要給同學(xué)們介紹的是提高聽(tīng)力能力的語(yǔ)言因素和知識(shí)因素。大家都知道，要在聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中取得好的成績(jī)，需要有扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言基本功、良好的聽(tīng)力習(xí)慣、高超的聽(tīng)力技能和相關(guān)的背景知識(shí)。同學(xué)們有必要了解聽(tīng)力測(cè)試的特點(diǎn)、命題規(guī)律和應(yīng)對(duì)策略。

一、 語(yǔ)言因素在聽(tīng)力中的運(yùn)用

　　聽(tīng)力理解可分為字面理解和深層理解。要做到字面理解，就必須具備一定的語(yǔ)音知識(shí)、一定的詞匯知識(shí)和一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。也只有在理解字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上才有可能對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料進(jìn)行深層次的理解，所以語(yǔ)言因素是聽(tīng)力理解的基礎(chǔ)。我們常提到的語(yǔ)言因素包括：

1、語(yǔ)音知識(shí)

　　聽(tīng)力不同于閱讀，要求同學(xué)們必須具備準(zhǔn)確辨音的能力，這是口頭交際的基礎(chǔ)。在正確掌握每個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音的同時(shí)，必須注意以下幾個(gè)方面：
（1）英語(yǔ)中最小對(duì)立體的發(fā)音，如ship---sheep, cheap ---- chip, pig ---peg, sack ---sock等，有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行發(fā)音訓(xùn)練，比如繞口令之類的練習(xí)，如She sells sea cells by the seashore. If she sells sea cells by the seashore, then she sells seashore cells，適當(dāng)加強(qiáng)一些針對(duì)性的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)。

（2）重讀與弱讀：漢語(yǔ)是一個(gè)漢字一個(gè)音節(jié)，而英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)單詞可能就有好多音節(jié)，這就造成了英漢節(jié)奏的差別。而英語(yǔ)中的一些虛詞一般要弱讀，這有可能會(huì)給聽(tīng)力造成一定的困難。對(duì)此也應(yīng)該進(jìn)行專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。如：
What's the time? Sing us a song. I've eaten them all. He has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.(紅體部分的音節(jié)重讀)

（3）連讀：連讀時(shí)語(yǔ)速加快，連讀的單詞之間沒(méi)有了間隔，會(huì)給理解帶來(lái)困難。如：
in ˇor ˇout, yearˇ in and year ˇout, for ˇan ˇhour

（4）意群：聽(tīng)力時(shí)不能一個(gè)單詞一個(gè)單詞地去理解，應(yīng)該注意意群，因?yàn)橐馊褐�間間隔之處正是停頓之處，注意下列語(yǔ)句朗讀時(shí)停頓的差別：
John said, " My father is here."
"John," said my father, "is here."
She likes pineapples.
She likes pie and apples.
He sold his houseboat and trailer.
He sold his house, boat, and trailer.

（5）注意同音字：有些單詞發(fā)音相同，也可能給聽(tīng)力理解帶來(lái)困難，如：
What is black and white, and read (red) all over?
這里在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，很難分請(qǐng)是read還是red。

（6）語(yǔ)調(diào)：語(yǔ)調(diào)是說(shuō)話者表達(dá)情感的一種手段，同樣一個(gè)句子如果語(yǔ)調(diào)不同，則意思就有可能發(fā)生變化，如：
Open the door, will you?↗
Open the door, won't you?↘
用聲調(diào)表示一種請(qǐng)求，用降調(diào)表示命令。
What? ↗What?↘↗升調(diào)表示疑問(wèn)，降升表示吃驚和不相信。
測(cè)試中同樣有可能考查語(yǔ)調(diào)的作用，如：
① W: Where do you want to eat?
M: Is there anything wrong with the↘ coffee shop?
Q: What does the man mean?
A. He wonders if anything happened at the coffee shop.
B. He doesn't know why the coffee tastes bad.
C. He only wants coffee because he isn't happy.
D. He thinks that they ought to go to the coffee shop.
一般疑問(wèn)句，卻用了降調(diào)，表示出說(shuō)話者愿意去咖啡館的肯定態(tài)度，答案應(yīng)是D。

② M: I'm terribly sorry I'm late, but I just couldn't help it.
I got there as soon as I could.
W: Well, it's not soon enough, ↘is it?
Q: What does the woman mean?
A. It's soon enough to get here.
B. It's not soon enough to get here.
C. It's not late to get here.
D. It's early enough to get here.
降調(diào)的使用,說(shuō)明說(shuō)話人堅(jiān)信第一部分說(shuō)的是事實(shí)，由此可以判斷答案為B。

2、詞匯和語(yǔ)法

（1）注意擴(kuò)充詞匯量：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，詞匯量是影響聽(tīng)力的主要因素之一，詞匯量的匱乏往往是造成聽(tīng)力能力提高的首要因素。因此，同學(xué)們?cè)谟?xùn)練聽(tīng)力技巧的同時(shí)，應(yīng)注意詞匯量的擴(kuò)充。

（2）加強(qiáng)同義表達(dá)方式的聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練：在聽(tīng)力選擇中，相當(dāng)一部分情況下，答案就是對(duì)話信息的同義表達(dá)方式。如：
①W: The speech the blind girl gave this evening was extremely
touching.
M: I think everybody felt the same.
Q: How did the man feel about the girl's speech?
A. It was boring. B. It was entertaining.
C. It was moving. D. It was encouraging.
Moving與touching意思相近，答案為C。再如：

②M: Nancy, why were you late today?
W: I overslept and missed the bus.
Q: Why was Nancy late? (1999.1)
A. She got up later than usual.
B. The bus was late.
C. She forgot she had classes.
D. Her clock was slow.
Overslept 也就是got up later than usual。

（3）加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)法概念的單句理解練習(xí)：聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中有相當(dāng)一部分情況下，有對(duì)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)表意功能的考查，如虛擬語(yǔ)氣的含義，建議的表達(dá)方式等。如：
①W: We do need another bookshelf in this room. But the problem
is the space for it.
M: How about moving the old dining table to the kitchen?
Q: What does the man suggest they should do? (1995.6)
A. Finding a larger room. B. Sell the old table.
C. Buy two bookshelves. D. Rearrange some furniture.
如果考生清楚How about用來(lái)提出建議，就可以根據(jù)moving the old dining table判斷答案為D。再如：

②W: The movie starts in 5 minutes and there is bound to be a long line.
M: Why don't we come back for the next show? I'm sure it would be less crowded.
Q: What is the man suggesting? ( 1996.6)
A. Coming back for a later shouw. B. Waiting in a queue.
C. Coming back in five minutes. D. Not going to the movie today.
Why don't 表示建議，由此可以判斷答案為A。

③M: What do you think of my paper?
W: The ideas are good. If I were you, though, I'd rewrite the
last two paragraphs to make it better.
Q: What is the woman's comment on the man's paper? (1996.1)
A. The ideas of the paper are not convincing.
B. Some parts of the paper are not well written.
C. The handwriting of the paper is not good.
D. The paper is not complete.
本題考查的是同學(xué)們對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣句子的理解，答案是B。

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