Test 2
21. We have had to raise our prices because of the increase in the cost of _______ materials.
A) primitive C) original
B) rough D) raw
22. It is up to the Government to tackle the air pollution problem and _______ measures in line with the council's suggestions.
A) set about C) fill up
B) work out D) bring over
23. Many people, if not most, _______ literary taste as an elegant accomplishment, by acquiring which they will complete themselves, and make themselves finally fit as members of a correct society.
A) look on C) look in
B) look down D) look into
24. The car accident was _______ to the driver's violation of the traffic regulations.
A) assigned C) attributed
B) contributed D) transferred
25. She is a very _______ student. She's always talking about travelling to outer space.
A) imaginary C) imaginable
B) imaginative D) imagining
26. His lectures on Roman history would do credit _______ a real expert.
A) in C) of
B) to D) with
27. I have devoted four weekends to writing papers and now I feel I _______ a rest.
A) deserve C) conceive
B) preserve D) receive
28. The construction of a 5-million-ton and steel works is now under _______.
A) conclusion C) continuation
B) contribution D) consideration
29. Mary found it difficult to _______ Jim's father when he disapproved of their marriage.
A) stand for C) stand by
B) stand out D) stand up to
30. President Banda's background as a doctor has given him _______ into the medical problems that face the country.
A) a view C) an insight
B) a vision D) a sight
31. He _______ from his job in order to engage in full-time writing.
A) held C) undertook
B) resigned D) assigned
32. The West is traditionally the land of the pioneers and the cowboys, where _______ could be easily made in cattle or land.
A) fortunes C) opportunities
B) property D) treasure
33. Vostok is close to the coldest spot in the world, where an _______ minus 128.6 was recorded in 1983.
A) unreliable C) incredible
B) extra D) impossible
34. I don't mind a bit if you bring your friends in for a drink, but it is rather too much when sixteen people arrive _______ for dinner.
A) unusually C) consequently
B) excessively D) unexpectedly
35. Faced with all the difficulties, the girl _______ her mother for comfort.
A) turned over C) turned to
B) turned down D) turned up
36. The managing director took the _____ for the accident, although it was not really his fault.
A) guilt C) charge
B) blame D) accusation
37. We _____ Edison's success to his intelligence and hard work.
A) subject C) attribute
B) distribute D) refer
38. The doctor was asked to go back to the hospital because of _____ case.
A) an operation C) an urgency
B) an emergency D) an incident
39. Mrs. Lackey was awakened by the ringing of the bedside phone 12 hours after her husband's boat had been _____.
A) wrecked C) decayed
B) collapsed D) fired
40. After college, Jeffrey hopes to ______ a career in medicine.
A) pursue C) chase
B) follow D) seek
41. When they had finished playing, the children were made to _____ all the toys they had taken out.
A) put off C) put up
B) put out D) put away
42. There is an undesirable _____ nowadays to make films showing violence.
A) direction C) concentration
B) tradition D) trend
43. Most people who travel in the course of their work are given travelling _____.
A) income C) wages
B) allowances D) pay
44. He failed to supply the facts relevant _____ the case in question.
A) for C) to
B) with D) of
45. Young people's social environment has a _____ effect on their academic progress.
A) profound B) solid C) complete D) gross
46. The service operates 36 libraries throughout the country, while six _____ libraries specially serve the countryside.
A) mobile B) drifting C) shifting D) rotating
47. Before he started work, I asked the builder to give me an _____ of the cost of repairing the roof.
A) assessment C) announcement
B) estimate D) evaluation
48. When Jack was eighteen he _____ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.
A) took to C) took up
B) took for D) took on
49. It is rather _____ that we still do not know how many species there are in the world today.
A) misleading C) boring
B) embarrassing D) demanding
50. A good teacher must know how to _____ his ideas.
A) convey B) display C) consult D) confront
Test 3
21. To call the music of another music-culture “primitive” is _____ one's own standards on a group that does not recognise them.
A) putting C) forcing
B) emphasizing D) imposing
22. The prisoner has been _____ of many privileges that average citizens enjoy.
A) ensured C) deprived
B) informed D) convinced
23. Every camera we sell comes with a two-year _____.
A) guarantee C) confirmation
B) safety D) conservation
24. While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded _____ the nurse Florence Nightingale.
A) in line with C) in honour of
B) in favour of D) in place of
25. On turning the corner, we saw the road _____ steeply.
A) departing C) decreasing
B) depressing D) descending
26. The shop-assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _____ quality he'd tell them so.
A) humble C) minor
B) awkward D) inferior
27. The branches could hardly _____ the weight of the fruit.
A) retain C) maintain
B) remain D) sustain
28. With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without its _____.
A) boundaries C) confinements
B) limitations D) restraints
29. He _____ so much work that he couldn't really do it efficiently.
A) put on C) brought on
B) took on D) turned on
30. _______ should any money be given to a small child.
A) Of no account C) On no account
B) From all accounts D) By all accounts
31. The microscope can _____ the object 100 times in diameter.
A) develop C) magnify
B) increase D) multiply
32. She once again went through her composition carefully to _____ all spelling mistakes from it.
A) withdraw C) abandon
B) eliminate D) diminish
33. The cars were _______ because it was impossible to go any further in the fog.
A) sacrificed C) abandoned
B) transported D) removed
34. The new designs of the Christmas stamps are always waited for with keen _______.
A) irritation C) reception
B) prediction D) anticipation
35. He has _______ strange hobbies like collecting bottle tops and inventing secret codes.
A) gone on C) gone with
B) gone in for D) gone through with
36. Of all the soldiers they had the _______ of being the fiercest, the most patriotic, the toughest.
A) recognition C) recreation
B) reservation D) reputation
37. Advanced computer technology has _______ an answer to accurate weather forecasting.
A) set up C) filled in
B) come up with D) faced up to
38. Police have found new evidence that _______ his story.
A) reforms C) confirms
B) maintains D) displays
39. Already there are sawmills that can not operate at full _____ because of wood shortages.
A) convenience C) capability
B) conference D) capacity
40. He had been completely exhausted but felt considerably _______ after a meal and a rest.
A) renewed C) reshaped
B) recreated D) refreshed
41. His intelligence and experience will enable him to _______ the complicated situation.
A) cope with C) intervene in
B) settle down D) interfere with
42. Humidity is so intense in some parts of the tropics that Europeans find they are unable to _______ it.
A) maintain B) persist C) endure D) sustain
43. The fire must have _______ after the staff had gone home.
A) broken down B) broken up C) broken out D) broken off
44. A series of border incidents would _______ lead the two countries to war.
A) inevitably B) consistently C) uniformly D) persistently
45. If each manager makes his usual speech, the meeting will be _______ for forty-five minutes.
A) expanded B) prolonged C) delayed D) exceeded
46. The weatherman broadcasts the _______ in temperature twice a day.
A) diversion C) variety
B) variation D) modification
47. I seem to have reached a rather gloomy conclusion, but I think that something cheerful may still be derived _______ it.
A) of C) from
B) off D) with
48. Animals can become unusually _______ when they are upset by a sudden environmental change.
A) puzzled C) vigorous
B) predominant D) aggressive
49. Louis was asked to _______ the man who stole her purse.
A) confirm B) recognize C) claim D) identify
50. The bus that _______ outside the inn would soon take the visitors downtown.
A) held back C) got down
B) pulled up D) set forth
Test 1
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
I have had just about enough of being treated like a second-class citizen, simply because I happened to be that put upon member of society -- a customer. The more I go into shops and hotels, banks and post offices, railway stations, airports and the like, the more I'm convinced that things are being run solely to suit the firm, the system, or the union. There seems to be a new motto (座右銘) for the so-called 'service' organization-Staff Before Service. How often, for example, have you queued for what seems like hours at the Post Office or the supermarket because there aren't enough staff on duty at all the service counters? Surely in these days of high unemployment it must be possible to increase counter staff. Yet supermarkets, hinting darkly at higher prices, claim that bringing all their cash registers into operation at any time would increase expenses. And the Post Office says we cannot expect all their service counters to be occupied 'at times when demand is low'.
It's the same with hotels. Because waiters and kitchen staff must finish when it suits them, dining rooms close earlier or menu choice is diminished. As for us guests (and how the meaning of that word has been cut away little by little), we just have to put up with it. There's also the nonsense of so many friendly hotel night porters having been gradually withdrawn from service in the interests of 'efficiency' (i.e. profits) and replaced by coin-eating machines which supply everything from beer to medicine, not to mention the creeping threat of the tea-making set in your room: a kettle with teabags, milk bags sugar. Who wants to wake up to a raw teabag? I don't, especially when I am paying for 'service'.
Our only hope is to hammer our irritation whenever and wherever we can and, if all else fails, restore that other, older saying--Take Our Custom (買(mǎi)賣(mài)) Elsewhere.
21. The author feels that nowadays customers are _____.
(A) not worthy of special treatment
(B) not provided with proper service
(C) considered to be inferior members of society
(D) regarded as privileged
22. In the author's opinion, the quality of service is changing because _____.
(A) the staff are less considerate than employers
(B) customers are becoming more demanding
(C) customers unwilling to pay extra money
(D) more consideration is given to the staff than customers
23. According to the author, long queues at counters are caused by _____.
(A) the diminishing supply of good staff
(B) lack of cooperation among staff
(C) inefficient staff
(D) deliberate understaffing
24. The disappearance of old-style hotel porters can be attributed to the fact that ____.
(A) self-service provides a cheaper alternative
(B) the personal touch is less appreciated nowadays
(C) machines are more reliable than human beings
(D) few people are willing to do this type of work
25. The author's final solution to the problem discussed in the passage is ____.
(A) to put up with whatever service is provided
(B) to make strong complaints wherever necessary
(C) to fully utilize all kinds of coin-eating machines
(D) to go where good service is available
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing (定量供應(yīng)) is virtually suspended, and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there is widespread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising, when there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary, or has it come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect.
The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests. North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain's overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.
But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.
Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend.
The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60 per cent by 1956; but repeated Ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansion programme is not working very well.
26. Why is there "wide-spread uneasiness and confusion about the food situation in Britain?"
(A) The abundant food supply is not expected to last.
(B) Britain is importing less food.
(C) Despite the abundance, food prices keep rising.
(D) Britain will cut back on its production of food.
27. The main reason for the rise in food prices is that _____.
(A) people are buying less food
(B) the government is providing less financial support for agriculture
(C) domestic food production has decreased
(D) imported food is driving prices higher
28. Why didn't the government's expansion programme work very well?
(A) Because the farmers were uncertain about the financial support the government guaranteed.
(B) Because the farmers were uncertain about the benefits of expanding production.
(C) Because the farmers were uncertain about whether foreign markets could be found for their produce.
(D) Because the older generation of farmers were strongly against the programmer.
29. The decrease in world food price was a result of _____.
(A) a sharp fall in the purchasing power of the consumers
(B) a sharp fall in the cost of food production
(C) the overproduction of food in the food-importing countries
(D) the overproduction on the part of the main food-exporting countries
30. What did the future look like for Britain's food production at the time this article was written?
(A) The fall in world food prices would benefit British food producers.
(B) An expansion of food production was at hand.
(C) British food producers would receive more government financial support.
(D) It looks depressing despite government guarantees.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you don't, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.
The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illumination piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment (啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)) to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.
But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we can't think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.
31. According to the author, really good science _____.
(A) would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment
(B) will produce results which cannot be foreseen
(C) will help people to make the right choice in advance
(D) will bring about disturbing results
32. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century _____.
(A) thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of science
(B) were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research
(C) knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature
(D) did more harm than good in promoting man's understanding of nature
33. Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times?
(A) They invented false theories to explain things they didn't understand.
(B) They falsely claimed to know all about nature.
(C) They did not believe in results from scientific observation.
(D) They paid little attention to the problems they didn't understand.
34. What is the author's attitude towards science?
(A) He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.
(B) He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
(C) He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
(D) He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.
35. The author believes that ____.
(A) man can find solutions to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up
(B) man can not solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellect
(C) sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer them
(D) questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present, it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities.
The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.
The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you.
36. According to the author, the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment _____.
(A) is still unknown (C) is being closely studied
(B) is usually neglected (D) has been fully recognized
37. The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation has led to _____.
(A) the disproportion of recreation facilities in the neighbourhood
(B) the location of recreation facilities far from home
(C) relatively little attention for recreative possibilities
(D) the improvement of recreative possibilities in the neighbourhood
38. The author suggests that the recreative possibilities of green space should be provided _____.
(A) in special areas (C) in the neighbourhood of the house
(B) in the suburbs (D) in gardens and parks
39. According to the author, greenspace facilities should be designed in such a way that ______.
(A) more obligatory activities might take on a recreative aspect
(B) more and more people might have access to them
(C) an increasing number of recreative activities might be developed
(D) recreative activities might be brought into our homes
40. The main idea of this passage is that _____.
(A) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our life
(B) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities
(C) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago
(D) priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities
Test 2
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
"There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they're 18, and the truth is far from that," says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents, "There is a major shift in the middle class," declares sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwester University, whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.
Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an away-from-home college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.
Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "It's ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy (不受干擾的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times-and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem," she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated (約會(huì)), so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends' house."
Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with "a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure." And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.
21. According to the author, there was once a trend in the U. S. _____.
(A) for young adults to leave their parents and live independently
(B) for middle class young adults to stay with their parents
(C) for married young adults to move back home after a lengthy absence
(D) for young adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents
22. Which of the following does not account for young adults returning to the nest?
(A) Young adults find housing costs too high.
(B) Young adults are psychologically and intellectually immature.
(C) Young adults seek parental comfort and moral support.
(D) Quite a number of young adults attend local schools.
23. One of the disadvantages of young adults returning to stay with their parents is that _____.
(A) there will inevitably be inconveniences in every day life
(B) most parents find it difficult to keep
(C) the young adults tend to be overprotected by their parents
(D) public opinion is against young adults staying with their parents
24. The word "hassles" in the passage (Line 4, Para. 3) probably means _____.
(A) agreements (B) worries (C) disadvantages (D) quarrels
25. According to the passage what is the best for both parents and children?
(A) They should adjust themselves to sharing the family expenses.
(B) Children should leave their parents when they are grown-up.
(C) Adult children should visit their parents from time to time.
(D) Parents should support their adult children when they are in trouble.
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
The word conservation has a thrifty (節(jié)儉) meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and "inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-terms climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone's daily life. To know about the water table (水位) in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds (上游源頭森林地帶集水區(qū)) need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man's fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
26. The author's attitude towards the current situation in the exploitation of natural resources is _____.
(A) positive (B) neutral (C) suspicious (D) critical
27. According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that _____.
(A) they had no idea about scientific forestry
(B) they had little or no sense of environmental protection
(C) they were not aware of the significance of nature study
(D) they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials
28. It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didn't realize ______.
(A) the interdependence of water, soil, and living things
(B) the importance of the proper use of land
(C) the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floods
(D) the value of the beauty of nature
29. To avoid correcting the mistake of our forefathers, the author suggests that _____.
(A) we plant more trees
(B) natural science be taught to everybody
(C) environmental education be directed toward everyone
(D) we return to nature
30. What does the author imply by saying "living space... is figured... also in cubic volume above the earth" (Lines 7-8, Para. 3)?
(A) Our living space on the earth is getting smaller and smaller.
(B) Our living space should be measured in cubic volume.
(C) We need to take some measure to protect space.
(D) We should preserve good living conditions for both birds and animals.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. "I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to," says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark." By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. "People cheat on their sleep, and they don't even realize they're doing it," says Dr. David. "They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous."
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. "In our society, you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep. If you're got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition."
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."
31. People in the 18th and 19th centuries used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night because they had ______.
(A) no drive and ambition (C) the best sleep habits
(B) no electric lighting (D) nothing to do in the evening
32. According to Dr. David, Americans _____.
(A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life
(B) often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit
(C) do not know how to relax themselves properly
(D) can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep
33. Many Americans believe that _____.
(A) sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy
(B) they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday life
(C) to sleep is something one can do at any time of the day
(D) enough sleep promotes people's drive and ambition
34. The word "subjects" (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to _____.
(A) the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
(B) special branches of knowledge that are being studied
(C) people whose behavior or reactions are being studied
(D) the psychological consequences of sleep deficit
35. It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to _____.
(A) improve one's memory dramatically
(B) be considered dynamic by other people
(C) maintain one's daily schedule
(D) feel energetic and perform adequately
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illness may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.
A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.
36. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because ______.
(A) personal health choices help cure most illness
(B) it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge
(C) it is essential to personal freedom in American society
(D) wrong decisions could lead to poor health
37. To "live a completely sedentary life-style" (Line 7, Para. 1) in the passage means _____.
(A) to "live an inactive life"
(B) to "live a decent life"
(C) to "live a life with complete freedom"
(D) to "live a life of vice"
38. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because _____.
(A) current medical knowledge is still insufficient
(B) there are many factors influencing our decisions
(C) few people are willing to trade the quality of life
(D) people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends
39. To knowingly allow oneself to purse unhealthy habits is compared by Fried and Crapo to _____.
(A) improving the quality of one's life
(B) limiting one's personal health choice
(C) deliberately ending one's life
(D) breaking the rules of social behavior
40. According to Fries and Crapo sound health choices should be based on _____.
(A) personal decisions (C) statistical evidence
(B) society's laws (D) friends' opinions
Test 3
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms. "She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly-perhaps with a two-second glance.
We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed person's behavior with the known others' behavior; observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for; deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person's responses to specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her; and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person-questions, self-disclosures (自我表露), and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him. If we accept the idea that we won't ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically (諷刺性地) those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g. secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g. disclosure and truthful statements).
21. The word "pinpoint" (Para. 1, Line 3) basically means ______.
(A) appreciate (B) obtain (C) interpret (D) identify
22. What do we learn from the first paragraph?
(A) People are better described in cold, objective terms.
(B) The difficulty of getting to know a person is usually underestimated.
(C) One should not judge people by their appearances.
(D) One is usually subjective when assessing other people's personality.
23. It can be inferred from Berger's suggestions that _____.
(A) People do not reveal their true self on every occasion.
(B) In most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directly.
(C) the best way to know a person is by making comparisons.
(D) face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover information about a person
24. In developing personal relationships, secrets and deceptions, in the author's opinion, are _____.
(A) personal matters that should be seriously dealt with
(B) barriers that should be done away with
(C) as significant as disclosures and truthful statements
(D) things people should guard against
25. The author's purpose in writing the passage is _____.
(A) to give advice on appropriate conduct for social occasions
(B) to provide ways of how to obtain information about people
(C) to call the reader's attention to the negative side of people's characters
(D) to discuss the various aspects of getting to know people
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
Opportunities for rewarding work become fewer for both men and women as they grow older. After age 40, job hunting becomes even more difficult. Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection. Our youth-oriented, throw-away culture sees little value in older people. In writer Lilian Hellman's words, they have "the wisdom that comes with age that we can't make use of."
Unemployment and economic need for work is higher among older women, especially minorities, than among younger white women. A national council reports these findings: though unemployed longer when seeking work, older women job-hunt harder, hold a job longer with less absenteeism (缺勤), perform as well or better, are more reliable, and are more willing to learn than men or younger women. Yet many older women earn poor pay and face a future of poverty in their retirement years. When "sexism meets ageism, poverty is no longer on the doorstep it moves in," according to Tish Sommers, director of a special study on older women for the National Organization for Women.
Yet a 1981 report on the White House Conference on Aging shows that as a group, older Americans are the "wealthiest, best fed, best housed, healthiest, most self-reliant older population in our history. "This statement is small comfort to those living below the poverty line, but it does explode some of the old traditional beliefs and fears. Opportunities for moving in and up in a large company may shrink but many older people begin successful small businesses, volunteer in satisfying activities, and stay active for many years. They have few role models because in previous generations the life span was much shorter and expectations of life were fewer. They are ploughing new ground.
Employers are beginning to recognize that the mature person can bring a great deal of stability and responsibility to a position. One doesn't lose ability and experience on the eve of one's 65th or 70th birthday any more than one grows up instantly at age 21.
26. After the age of 40, _____.
(A) most workers are tired of their present jobs
(B) many workers tend to stick their present jobs
(C) people find their jobs more rewarding than before
(D) people still wish to hunt for more suitable jobs
27. From Heilman's remark, we can see that _____.
(A) full use has been made of the wisdom of older people
(B) the wisdom of older people is not valued by American society
(C) older people are no less intelligent than young people
(D) the wisdom of older people is of great value to American society
28. Tish Sommers argues that _____.
(A) older women find it hard to escape poverty
(B) older women usually perform better in their jobs
(C) the major cause of the poverty of older women is sexism
(D) more people have come to believe in sexism and ageism
29. According to the third paragraph, it can be seen that older Americans _____.
(A) have more job opportunities than young people
(B) live below the poverty line
(C) have new opportunities to remain active in society
(D) no longer believe in the promise of a happy life upon retirement
30. It can be concluded from the passage that the writer ______.
(A) calls attention to the living conditions of older Americans
(B) believes that value of older people is gaining increasing recognition
(C) attempts to justify the youth-oriented, throw-away culture of the United States
(D) argues people should not retire at the age of 65 or 70
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.
Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents a problem.
Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching. A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged, but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment in the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.
As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professor: one is the time needed to keep on with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually "made" in the elementary schools, scientists can be "lost" by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research, but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess, and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professor unwilling to teach can be called "distinguished research investigators" or something else.
The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.
31. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?
(A) It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching.
(B) Teaching and research are contradictory to each other.
(C) Research can never be emphasized too much.
(D) The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplified.
32. In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because _____.
(A) research improves the quality of teaching
(B) students who want to be challenged appreciate research professors
(C) it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively
(D) professor with achievements in research are usually responsible and tough
33. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?
(A) Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on research only.
(B) The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientists.
(C) It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to train new scientists.
(D) The rapid developments of modern science make it impossible to combine teaching with research.
34. The title of professor should be given only to those who, first and foremost, do _____.
(A) teaching (B) field work (C) scientific research (D) investigation
35. The phrase "the problem" (Para. 5, Line 3) refers to _____.
(A) raising the status of teaching
(B) the combination of teaching with research
(C) the separation of teaching from research
(D) improving the status of research
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of "mastery" --- feeling important and worthwhile --- and the sources of what we call a sense "pleasure"---finding life enjoyable---are not always identical. Women often are told "You can't have it all." Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is: "You chose a career, so you can't expect to have closer relationships or a happy family life" or "You have a wonderful husband and children--what's all this about wanting a career?" But women need to understand and develop both aspects of well-being, if they are to feel good about themselves.
Our study shows that, for women, well-being has two dimensions. One is mastery, which includes self-esteem (自尊), a sense of control over your life, and low levels of anxiety and depression. Mastery is closely related to the "doing" side of life, to work and activity. Pleasure is the other dimensions, and it is composed of happiness, satisfaction and optimism (樂(lè)觀). It is tied more closely to the "feeling" side of life. The two are independent of each other. A woman could be high in mastery and low in pleasure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job, but whose mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in control of her work life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.
The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-being for women, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women were encouraged to look only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being. But we know that both mastery and pleasure are critical. And mastery seems to be achieved largely through work. In our study, all the groups of employed women rated significantly higher in mastery than did women who were not employed.
A woman's well-being is enhanced when she takes on multiple roles. At least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in a combination of roles---marriages, motherhood, and employment--- were the highest in well-being, despite warnings about stress and strain.
36. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _____.
(A) for women, a sense of "mastery" is more important than a sense of "pleasure"
(B) for women, a sense of "pleasure" is more important than a sense of "mastery"
(C) women can't have a sense of "mastery" and a sense of "pleasure" at the same time
(D) a sense of "mastery" and a sense of "pleasure" are both indispensable to women
37. The author's attitude towards women having a career is ______.
(A) critical (B) positive (C) neutral (D) realistic
38. One can conclude from the passage that if a woman takes on several social roles, ______.
(A) it will be easier for her to overcome stress and strain
(B) she will be more successful in her career
(C) her chances of getting promoted will be greater
(D) her life will be richer and more meaningful
39. Which of the following can be identified as a source of "pleasure" for women?
(A) Family life (C) Multiple roles in society
(B) Regular employment (D) Freedom from anxiety
40. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _____.
(A) The Well-being of Career Women
(B) Sources of Mastery and Pleasure
(C) Two Aspects of Women's Well-Being
(D) Freedom Roles of Women in Society
詞匯題答案
Test 1
21—30 ACBDBCCACC; 31—40 ADBBCCDBAD; 41—50 ABCDDBAACA;
Test 2
21—25 DBACB; 26—30 BBDDC: 31—35 BACDC; 36—40 BCBAA; 41—45 DDBCA; 46—50 ABABA
Test 3
21—25 DCACD; 26—30 DDBBC; 31—35 CBCDB; 36—40 DBCDD; 41—45 ADCAB; 46—50 ACDDB
閱讀理解題答案
Test 1
21—25 BDDAD; 26—30 CBBDD; 31—35 BACCA; 36—40 DBCAA
Test 2
21—25 ABADC; 26—30 DBACD; 31—35 BBACD; 36—40 DABCC
Test 3
21—25 DCDBB; 26—30 BCACB; 31—35 DCBAC; 36—40 DBDAC
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