翻譯——核心語(yǔ)法
1.各種從句的用法
從句的用法在前文已有詳細(xì)講解,這里就不再贅述。下面通過(guò)總結(jié)歸納來(lái)進(jìn)一步探討歷年四級(jí)翻譯對(duì)各類從句的考查情況。
(1)主語(yǔ)從句
真題:__________(很多人沒(méi)有意識(shí)到的)is providing the best education possible for their children.(2009.6)
答案:What many people don’t realize
(2)賓語(yǔ)從句
真題:Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life__________(是用他們能夠借到多少來(lái)衡量的), not how much they can earn.(2007.12)
答案:is measured by how much they can loan
(3)表語(yǔ)從句
真題:In my sixties, one change I notice is that__________(我比以前更容易累了).(2007.12)
答案:I am more likely to get tired than before
(4)定語(yǔ)從句
真題:Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems__________(他們至今還沒(méi)有答案)(2008.12)
答案:(that/which)they haven’t found solution to或to which they haven’t found solution
真題:__________(與我成長(zhǎng)的地方相比), this town is more prosperous and exciting.(2008.6)
答案:Compared with the place where I grew up
真題:The prevention and treatment of AIDS is __________(我們可以合作的領(lǐng)域).(2007.6)
答案:the field where(in which)we can cooperate
(5)狀語(yǔ)從句
真題:Leaving one’s job, __________(不管是什么工作), is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring.(2008.6)
答案:whatever it is(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)
真題:I am going to pursue this course, __________(無(wú)論我要作出什么樣的犧牲).(2007.12)
答案:no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)
真題:Some psychologists claim that people __________(出門在外時(shí)可能會(huì)感到孤獨(dú))(2006.12)
答案:may feel lonely when they are away from home(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
【真題】__________(大多數(shù)父母所關(guān)心的)is providing the best education possible for their children.(2008.12)
【解析】本題考查對(duì)主語(yǔ)從句的掌握。漢語(yǔ)中“所關(guān)心的”實(shí)際上是指“所關(guān)心的事情”,用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)則使用what引導(dǎo)的從句。What在主語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)!瓣P(guān)心”可以用be concerned about表達(dá)。
【答案】What most parents are concerned about
注:從句的用法參見完形填空部分對(duì)從句的講解。
2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣
歷年真題中涉及到虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考點(diǎn)可以歸納如下:
(1)(should)+動(dòng)詞原形的情形;
(2)if或but for等引導(dǎo)的條件句;
(3)wish, if only, would rather, It is(high)time that…的用法。
【真題】You would not have failed if__________(按照我的指令去做).(2009.12)
【答案】you had followed my instructions 或者you had followed my orders
【解析】本題較為容易,按照漢語(yǔ)意思直譯?键c(diǎn)有兩個(gè):首先最重要的考點(diǎn)是if從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣考查;根據(jù)語(yǔ)法規(guī)定,如果主句中出現(xiàn)would +have的形式,從句中應(yīng)該采用had+過(guò)去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu);第二是固定搭配“按照…的指令”表達(dá)為follow my instructions 或者是follow my orders 注意多樣化的表達(dá),兩者選其一就可以;注意很多學(xué)生出現(xiàn)遺漏主語(yǔ)you,造成不必要的失分。
【真題】The victim __________(本來(lái)會(huì)有機(jī)會(huì)活下來(lái))if he had been taken to hospital in time.(2006.12)
【解析】本句考查對(duì)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的掌握。在與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的條件下,if引導(dǎo)的條件句時(shí)態(tài)是過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài),主句謂語(yǔ)一般使用would have done。
【答案】would have had a chance to survive/would have had a chance of survival
注:虛擬語(yǔ)氣用法參見完形填空填空部分對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的講解。
3.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
倒裝分完全倒裝與部分倒裝兩種類型,重點(diǎn)是部分倒裝,即只有系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞參與的倒裝。常見的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為四大類:
(1)否定倒裝。指否定副詞或否定的副詞性結(jié)構(gòu)hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, little, nowhere, not once, under no circumstances, in no way, no sooner…than,not only…but also用于句首時(shí)所導(dǎo)致的倒裝。
Seldom did I go to theater, but now it is different.
以前我很少去劇院,但是現(xiàn)在不同了。
(2)虛擬倒裝。指在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中,將if省略,把should, had, were提至主語(yǔ)前,形成倒裝。
Were I you, I’ll never promise to do that.
如果我是你,絕對(duì)不會(huì)答應(yīng)那么做的。
(3)強(qiáng)調(diào)倒裝。為突出強(qiáng)調(diào)某一成分而將它提至句首時(shí),實(shí)行倒裝,如:
A.so 倒裝句
So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.
他工作如此勤奮以至于經(jīng)常廢寢忘食。
B.以某些表示肯定的副詞開頭作狀語(yǔ):only, often, then
Then did I throw myself into the chair, exhausted.
然后我一屁股坐在椅子上,累死了。
Only by working hard can we achieve what we want.
我們只有通過(guò)努力工作才能獲得想要的東西。
(4)在“so+形容詞…that分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如將“so+形容詞”置于句首以示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),其后的系動(dòng)詞be則要移到主語(yǔ)前面,形成主謂的完全倒裝。
So moved was she that she could not say a word.
她感動(dòng)得說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。
【真題】Not only__________(他向我收費(fèi)過(guò)高),but he didn’t do a good repair job either.(2006.6新)
【解析】本題考查對(duì)倒裝的掌握。解答此題需要考慮兩個(gè)層次,首先是動(dòng)詞“收費(fèi)”的對(duì)應(yīng)詞,應(yīng)當(dāng)譯為“charge”。收費(fèi)“過(guò)高”往往使用too much,更加巧妙的用詞overcharge就可以表示“收費(fèi)過(guò)高”。其次,not only…but…結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)了否定詞前置到句首的現(xiàn)象,這是倒裝的標(biāo)志。結(jié)合后半句的一般過(guò)去時(shí)形式,我們要把助動(dòng)詞did提出來(lái),按照倒裝形式譯為did he overcharge me/did he charge me too much。
【答案】did he overcharge me/did he charge me too much
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