理解英語中肯定與否定回答看似簡單,其實(shí)并非如此。很多時(shí)候,肯定的回答表示否定意義,而否定的回答卻表示肯定意義。這種暗含肯定與否定回答的題型在歷年四級考試中所占篇幅較大,也是相對較難的一類題目?忌挥薪(jīng)過這方面的訓(xùn)練,熟悉各種肯定與否定形式所表達(dá)的意義,才能在聽力考試中得心應(yīng)手。
1.暗含肯定的回答
暗含肯定的回答一般情況下以否定的形式出現(xiàn)。句中會(huì)有像no,neither,nor,hardly,seldom等否定詞。
1)雙重否定。雙重否定實(shí)際上是一種肯定,表示說話者有禮貌,有時(shí)也用來加強(qiáng)語氣。雙重否定是否定形式中的難點(diǎn),在聽力測試中極易引起判斷失誤。因此,考生需迅速判斷出兩個(gè)否定詞、詞組或否定詞綴,然后得出雙重否定為肯定的結(jié)論。例如:
W:These are common problems that we can solve ourselves.
M:Yes,actually,there is no one who doesn't know how to solve them.
Q:What does the man mean?
A.Everyone knows how to find the solutions to those problems.
B.No one wants to find the solutions to those problems.
C.No one knows how to solve those problems.
D.It's hard to solve those problems.
對話中含有一個(gè)雙重否定句,考生只有聽清全句才能判斷出正確答案。當(dāng)然,第二句開始部分的“Yes一詞也給予了提示,預(yù)示后面內(nèi)容是肯定的,本題正確答案是A。
2)形式否定而意義肯定的詞組。這樣的詞組有in no time(立刻,很快),none other than(不是別人而正是)等。例如:
There is nothing but a few chairs in the classroom.教室里只有幾把椅子。
3)否定詞加形容詞(或副詞)的原級或比較級。該句型雖然是否定句,卻暗含著肯定的意義。例如:
M:John,how are you?I heard you were sick.
W:They must have confused me with somebody else.I've never felt better.
Q:How does John feel?
A.Better.B.Sick.C.Fine.D.Tired.
如果只聽到了一個(gè)否定詞never就草率判斷,那么很可能就會(huì)認(rèn)為B是正確答案。但是,I've never felt better.意為“我從來沒有比現(xiàn)在感覺更好了!焙苊黠@,應(yīng)選C。
2.暗含否定的回答
在聽力測試中往往用肯定的回答干擾考生的判斷。這種題型的最大特點(diǎn)是:含義是否定的,但表面上沒有任何否定標(biāo)記,以此來誤導(dǎo)考生。
1)暗含否定的詞匯。含否定意義的名詞有avoidance,failure,reluctance,denial,lack等;動(dòng)詞有fail,deny, refuse,ignore,reject,exclude等;形容詞有absent,different,free,little,few等;介詞有above,beyond,without, against,except,out等。例如:
Mary failed to go to school because of the heavy snow.由于天降大雪,瑪麗沒去上學(xué)。
Is there a law against spitting in the street in this country?這個(gè)國家有法律規(guī)定不讓在大街上吐痰嗎?
2)暗含否定的短語。暗含否定的動(dòng)詞短語有differ from(與……不同),leave alone(不管),protect...from(保護(hù)……不受到傷害)等;介詞短語有out of(沒有),at a loss(不知所措),at one's wit's end(無計(jì)可施)等;其它短語有instead of(而不是……),let alone(更不用說),thelast...(最不……的)等。如:
W:Would you like to go and see the new exhibit with us?
M:That's the last thing in the world I ever want to do.
Q:What does the man mean?
A.He is often asked to go and see exhibits.
B.He would like to go and see the exhibit.
C.He went to see the exhibit last year.
D.He definitely does not want to go.
在對話中男士沒有直接說他不想去看展覽,而是說看展覽是他在這個(gè)世界上最不想做的事,通過last這個(gè)詞給了女士一個(gè)否定的回答。他的回答與D項(xiàng)在句義上相同,故選D。
3)暗含否定的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。英語中的虛擬條件句中含有否定的意義。此外,像too...to...,more...than...(more than),would rather...than...等結(jié)構(gòu)也暗含否定。
If only our parents could live together with us.要是我們的父母和我們生活在一起就好了。(含有“我們的父母沒有和我們生活在一起”的意思。)
His rude behavior is more than we could stand.他無理的行為,我們受不了。
4)答非所問中含有否定。在聽力測試的對話題型中往往是一方提出問題或要求,另一方卻不直接回答這個(gè)問題,而是講了一個(gè)事實(shí),從表面看有點(diǎn)答非所問,其中卻包含了否定的成分。例如:
W:Did you meet the new teacher yesterday?
M:I've been sick for two days.
Q:What does the man mean?
A.The new teacher is sick.
B.There are two new teachers.
C.He hasn't met the teacher,yet.
D.He didn't like the teacher.
女方問男方昨天有沒有見到新老師,男方?jīng)]有直接回答,而是答非所問地說自己“生了兩天病”。其中暗含著否定的意義,即生病在家,沒有見到新老師,故應(yīng)選C。
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