christianity

　　christianity began life as a jewish sect. far from attempting to find a new religion, the first christians viewed themselves as jews following the teachings of the jewish messiah . it was only later, after many non-jews converted, that christianity became a religion distinct from judaism2

　　although christianity shares much with judaism, these two faiths differ significantly with respect to such fundamental issues as god’s relationship with humanity. the central motif through which this relationship has been understood in both traditions is that of a covenant or contract. in hebrew scriptures ( the old testament3) , god offers a special relationship with his chosen people — the jews through a contract that specifies the terms of this relationship . the details of this arrangement have been modified and expanded from time to time, in a series of covenants with noah, abraham, and moses4. the most well known of these contracts is god’s agreement with moses on mt. sinai, the ten commandments5.

　　in the christian understanding of covenant theology, god offers humanity a new contract — the new testament6— as revealed in the person and teaching of jesus. unlike previous covenants, the new covenant refers to the eternal fate of individuals rather than to the worldly fate of the nation of israel. also, rather than being offered only to jews, the new contract is offered to humanity as a whole . individual salvation7 and the question of how that salvation can be achieved is a dominant theme of traditional christianity.

　　salvation, according to this tradition, is necessary because otherwise the individual is condemned to spend eternity in hell8 , a place of eternal punishment. born into sin, the sentence of eternal damnation is the fate of every person unless she or he is saved from this fate by being“ born again ”through faith in jesus christ. all other doctrines are built around a warning of condemnation and a redeeming message of redemption. as the core doctrine, it would be natural that arguments over soteriology ( one’s theory of redemption) would lead to religions schisms. disagreement over competing notions of salvation led to the split between catholicism and protestantism.

　　given the stark contrast between heaven and hell as eternal abodes of the soul, serious thinkers have had to grapple with the question —what happens to people who, while not saints, nevertheless are generally good people who have never committed any major sins in their lives? reflection on this problem led to the development of purgatory9, an intermediate realm between heaven and hell. in purgatory, souls are tortured for their sins, but are eventually released and allowed to enter heaven.

　　閱讀自測(cè)

　　tra nslate chinese in to english, to lea rn more a bout th e or igina l sin: god created the heavens, earth and all kinds of animals, including two men —adam and eve. they could eat from any tree, except one, in the garden of eden. _____________( 在上帝創(chuàng)造的所有動(dòng)物之中, 毒蛇是最狡詐的。)“did god really tell you not to eat from any of the trees in the garden?”the serpent asked eve .“we may eat the fruit of any tree _____________( 除伊甸園中間那棵樹上的果實(shí)之外) . god had even said,‘you shall not eat it or even touch it, otherwise you die. ’”but the serpent told eve ,“of course you will not die! god knows well that the moment you eat of it your eyes will be opened and _____________( 你們就會(huì)像上帝一樣區(qū)分出善惡) . ”eve saw the tree was good for good, pleasing to the eyes and desirable for gaining wisdom. so she took some of its fruit and ate it. then she also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he ate it, too. then, the eyes of both of them were opened, and they realized they were naked._____________( 于是他們就把樹葉縫在一起, 制成衣服。) when god came, they hid themselves among the trees of the garden.“where are you?”the god asked.“ i heard you in the garden; but i am afraid. _____________( 因?yàn)槲覜]有穿衣 服, 所以我躲了起來。) ”answered adam. it was just then god learnt that they had eaten the fruit of the tree in the middle . god was very angry and banished them from the garden of eden.

　　參考答案

　　of all the animals that god had made, the serpent was the most cunning. except the fruit of the tree in the middle of the garden of eden you will be like gods who know what is good and what is bad so they sewed leaves together and made clothes for themselves. because i was naked, i hid myself.

　　參考譯文

　　基督教

　　基 督教開始的時(shí)候只是猶太教的一個(gè)分支。最早的基督教徒根本沒想過創(chuàng)辦新的宗 教, 他們自視為追隨猶太教彌賽亞的教義的猶太人。只是后來在許多非猶太人改變信仰之 后, 基督教才脫離猶太教, 自成一體。

　　盡管基督教與猶太教具有很多共同點(diǎn), 但這兩個(gè)宗教在像上帝與人的關(guān)系等基本問題 上差別明顯。在基督教和猶太教這兩種傳統(tǒng)中, 理解上帝與人的關(guān)系需要依賴圣約, 或“ 約 書”中的主旨。在希伯來人的經(jīng)典著作《舊約全書》里, 上帝與他的選民——— 猶太人之間通 過約書保持著特殊的關(guān)系, 這本約書詳細(xì)說明了這種關(guān)系的條件。這一安排的具體內(nèi)容在 一系列與諾亞、亞伯拉罕和摩西達(dá)成的圣約里不時(shí)地被更改和擴(kuò)充。這些約書中最出名的 是上帝與摩西在西奈山上達(dá)成的協(xié)議———《十誡》。

　　基督教徒對(duì)圣約神學(xué)的理解是, 上帝賜給人類一份新約書———《新約全書》, 該約書通 過基督本人以及他的教誨得以昭示。不像從前的圣約那樣,《新約》講述的是個(gè)人永恒的 命運(yùn), 而不是以色列國(guó)世俗的命運(yùn)。同樣, 新約的接受對(duì)象不再只是猶太人, 而是全人類。 個(gè)人的救贖以及靈魂如何能被拯救是傳統(tǒng)基督教的主題。

　　按照這一傳統(tǒng), 救贖對(duì)基督教教徒非常必要, 因?yàn)槿绻�不�?duì)靈魂進(jìn)行拯救, 人就會(huì)被打 進(jìn)地獄, 永世不得超生, 在地獄永遠(yuǎn)都要受到懲罰。人生下來就有罪過, 每個(gè)人都注定要永 遠(yuǎn)受到懲罰, 除非我們信仰基督耶穌, 才能獲得“ 重生”, 擺脫這種命運(yùn)。所有其他教旨都 是圍繞懲罰的警告和救贖的啟示展開的�！� 耶穌救世學(xué)”被作為核心教旨, 對(duì)耶穌救世學(xué) 的爭(zhēng)論必然導(dǎo)致教會(huì)的分裂。對(duì)不同救贖主張的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)導(dǎo)致了天主教和新教之間的決裂。

　　考慮到作為靈魂永久居所的天堂和地獄之間鮮明的對(duì)比, 一些嚴(yán)肅的思想家只得努 力解決以下問題: 對(duì)于那些既非圣人、一生中又沒犯過什么大的過失、本性善良的人來 說, 他們?cè)趺崔k? 對(duì)該問題的反思導(dǎo)致了煉獄理論的產(chǎn)生, 煉獄是介于天堂和地獄之間 的中間地帶。在煉獄里, 靈魂因人的罪惡受到折磨, 但人最終還是得以赦免, 從而進(jìn)入 天堂。

　　閱讀導(dǎo)評(píng)

　　基督教與西方文化有著密不可分的關(guān)系, 自中世紀(jì)以來, 基督教對(duì)西方人的思維方式、 價(jià)值判斷、藝術(shù)理念等方面產(chǎn)生了潛移默化的影響�；�督教的經(jīng)典著作《圣經(jīng)》也以其博 大精深的思想內(nèi)涵和豐富多彩的敘事模式, 為西方藝術(shù)提供了取之不盡的精神資源�？梢� 說, 基督教作為一種文化精神, 已經(jīng)沉淀在西方人的靈魂里, 溶化在血液中。所以, 只有對(duì) 基督教以及《圣經(jīng)》有了基本的了解以后, 我們才能更深刻地理解西方文學(xué)、西方文化, 乃 至西方人的思維方式。

　　閱讀導(dǎo)釋

　　1. 基督教。世界上最 大的宗教。公元1 世紀(jì)產(chǎn)生于亞細(xì)亞的西部地區(qū), 后來從猶太教中分 裂出來成為獨(dú)立的宗教。該教奉耶穌為救世主, 公元4 世紀(jì)成為羅馬帝國(guó)的國(guó)教, 并逐 漸成為中世紀(jì)歐洲封建社會(huì)的主要精神支柱�；�督教主要分為三大派系———天主教 ( catholicism) 、新教( protestantism) 和東正教( orthodox church) 。

　　2. 猶太教。主要在猶太人之間流行, 奉耶和華為唯 一的神, 基督教的《舊約》原是它的 經(jīng)典。

　　3.《舊約》。《舊約》是基督教經(jīng)典著作《圣經(jīng)》的一部分。《舊約》包括律法書、先知書、歷 史書和雜集四類, 共39 卷, 其中記錄了天地起源、猶太人的來源和歷史以及古代猶太人 的文學(xué)作品。

　　4. 諾亞、亞伯拉罕和摩西。諾亞是方舟( ark) 的建造者。亞伯拉罕是希伯來人的始祖。摩 西是公元前13 世紀(jì)以色列人的宗教領(lǐng)袖和民族英雄, 在上帝的幫助下, 他率領(lǐng)以色列人 逃出埃及, 來到流著奶和蜜的迦南( canaan, 今巴勒斯坦) 。

　　5.《十誡》。希伯來人在埃及淪為奴隸, 摩西奉上帝之命進(jìn)行拯救, 帶領(lǐng)同胞來到西奈山 下, 上帝通過摩西向希伯來人傳諭了“ 十誡”, 標(biāo)志著上帝與民眾簽訂了嚴(yán)格的道德契 約。隨著基督教的傳播,《十誡》已成為各教派最基本的倫理誡條, 成為教徒的“ 金科玉 律”。

　　6.《新約》�！缎录s》包括福音書、歷史書、使徒書信和啟示錄四類, 共27 卷, 主要記述了耶 穌及其門徒的言行。

　　7. salvation n. 靈魂得救, 救贖�；�督教中有原罪和救贖說。據(jù)《圣經(jīng)》記載, 人類始祖亞當(dāng) ( adam) 和夏娃( eve) 在伊甸園( eden) 里偷吃了禁果( forbidden fruit) , 犯下了人間第 一樁罪過。基督教把這種“ 罪過”說成是代代相傳的, 稱之為“ 原罪”( original sin) , 認(rèn)為 他們犯下的原罪使世俗社會(huì)充滿罪惡, 人降生即具有惡的一面。既然人具有原罪和自身 之罪過, 需要救贖, 故上帝派其獨(dú)生子耶穌基督降臨人世, 創(chuàng)立基督教。人們唯有信仰救 世主耶穌, 才能獲得救贖, 求得死后永生。

　　8. 這里反映了基督教的天堂地獄說�！妒ソ�(jīng)》認(rèn)為, 現(xiàn)實(shí)世界是罪惡的“ 淵蔽”, 人在這個(gè)世 界上的苦楚是無法擺脫的。只有信仰耶穌, 順從神的安排, 死后才能升上天堂, 否則就要 受到末日的審判, 被拋入地獄, 肉體和精神都要受到無窮盡的折磨。 9. purgatory n. 煉獄, 又稱滌罪所, 是基督教教徒暫時(shí)受苦之地。

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