Text 3

　　This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

　　Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”

　　What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.

　　Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

　　But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand the coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipated every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

　　Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AL. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center, India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

　　On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

　　While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

　　To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.

　　31.【題干】Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.fascinates al scientists all over the world

　　B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years

　　C.involves some concerns raised by AI today

　　D.has sparked serious ethical controversies

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】由題干表述可判斷本題為典型的觀點(diǎn)例證題，所證觀點(diǎn)就在例證前后，該例子出現(xiàn)在篇首，引出主題在后。由此可知本題定位句為第一段最后一句話。與選項(xiàng)比對(duì)可知，C項(xiàng)為“... that would ... to come”部分的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故為正確答案。其中，involves對(duì)應(yīng)foreshadow，some concerns對(duì)應(yīng)many ethical questions，剩余部分對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)中的raised by AI today。其余選項(xiàng)在原文均無依據(jù)，故排除。

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　　32.【題干】In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.helps explain artificial intelligence

　　B.can be misleading to robot making

　　C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series

　　D.is too limited for us to reproduce it

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的David Eagleman定位到文中第四段第一句，該段第二句there are no good theories與題干中的knowledge屬于等價(jià)代換，該段第二句中的consciousness與題干中的consciousness對(duì)應(yīng)，第一句表明光人們?nèi)绾嗡伎季蛷?fù)雜到難以理解的程度更不用說要復(fù)制它了，第二句表明我們沒有解釋什么是consciousness的理論，與選項(xiàng)D吻合。題干our current knowledge of consciousness 及選項(xiàng)is too limited for us與定位句中的there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually屬于等價(jià)代換，選項(xiàng)reproduce it與定位句中reproduced屬等價(jià)代換。選項(xiàng)A、選項(xiàng)B及選項(xiàng)C基于文中出現(xiàn)的artificial intelligence、robot及sci-fi TV series錯(cuò)誤引申。

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　　33.【題干】The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.can hardly ever be found

　　B.is still beyond our capacity

　　C.causes little public concern

　　D.has aroused much curiosity

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的autonomous vehicles定位到第五段第二句。該句出現(xiàn)for example，可知autonomous vehicle是具體的例子。篇中的例子是為了證明論點(diǎn)，應(yīng)往前看，即證明第一句的觀點(diǎn)：涉及人工智能的倫理問題在我們身邊(注意這里doesn't和aren't為雙重否定)，說明問題依然存在。選項(xiàng)[B]與題干結(jié)合含義為：找出由自動(dòng)駕駛車帶來的人工智能倫理問題的解決方法超出了我們的能力。與文章含義一致。[A]選項(xiàng)過于絕對(duì)，且從第六段可以看出，不同國家、公司在找解決問題的方法。[C]選項(xiàng)和[D]選項(xiàng)的public concern和curiosity這些信息詞在原文中未涉及，屬無中生有。

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　　34.【題干】The authors attitude toward Google's pledges is one of _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.affirmation

　　B.skepticism

　　C.contempt

　　D.respect

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干中的the author's attitude，Google's pledges�；匚亩ㄎ坏降谄叨�，第八段，但其七段都是在講Google's pledge，繼續(xù)看第八段，開頭while，轉(zhuǎn)折，while the statement is vague,與vague相反的即是觀點(diǎn)，這個(gè)地方?jīng)]有說是誰的觀點(diǎn)，無人認(rèn)領(lǐng)的觀點(diǎn)即是作者的觀點(diǎn)。vague是情感向下的詞語，相反方向應(yīng)是正向情感。[B]skepticism[C]contempt 都是負(fù)向情感，全部排除。[D]respect，雖是正向情感，其程度太深。所以選affirmation。

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　　35.【題干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text? _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.AI's Future: In the hands of Tech giants

　　B.Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI

　　C.The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable

　　D.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】主旨題。本文首段通過引用Mary Shelley的書引出本文要探討的話題新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道德問題。第二段更是明確指出AI引起了一些問題。第三段和第四段對(duì)第二段提出的兩個(gè)問題進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的闡述，表明我們并不能確定智能化的程度以及因?yàn)樗�處環(huán)境的復(fù)雜無法定義人類自我意識(shí)。而在第五段轉(zhuǎn)折之后明確指出AI所涉及的道德問題已經(jīng)觸手可及了。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了AI和conscience這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，因此正確答案為C，The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable。

　　選項(xiàng)A中的Tech Giants是文章沒有提及的概念。盡管文章以Frankenstein這本書為引子，但是這本書并沒有預(yù)測AI，而是AI技術(shù)引發(fā)的道德問題，故排除選項(xiàng)B。作者在最有一段表明了對(duì)未來積極的態(tài)度，AI的發(fā)展并非代替人類的最高智慧，最終還是會(huì)為人類所用，故排除選項(xiàng)D，該選項(xiàng)中的AI shall be killers呈現(xiàn)負(fù)向態(tài)度。

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　　Text 4

　　States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.

　　The Superme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.

　　The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.

　　Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “l(fā)imited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”

　　The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.

　　Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.

　　Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."

　　36.【題干】The Supreme Court decision Thursday will _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.Dette business' relations with states

　　B.put most online business in a dilemma

　　C.make more online shoppers pay sules tax

　　D.force some states to cut sales tax

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道典型的細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“The Supreme Court Decision Thursday”定位到首段首句，States will be able to force more shoppers to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.由該句可知，最高法院的裁決可以讓州政府去強(qiáng)制消費(fèi)者在網(wǎng)上購物時(shí)要上繳銷售稅(營業(yè)稅)，直接得出選項(xiàng)[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax，讓更多在線購物者支付銷售稅。

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　　37.【題干】It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled desicisons _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.have led to the domainance of e-commerce

　　B.have cost consumers a lot over the years

　　C.were widely criticized by online purchases

　　D.were consider unfavorable by states

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道典型的推理題。根據(jù)題干定位范圍確定為第二，三段，再根據(jù)題干細(xì)節(jié)： overruled decisions確定定位句為第二段的第一句與第二句，第二句that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually州政府抱怨之前的政策導(dǎo)致每年稅收損失慘重。第三句The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases，原政策讓州政府很難收取網(wǎng)上購物的營業(yè)稅。綜合兩句情感色彩都為負(fù)向，對(duì)州政府不利，從而得出答案[D] were considered unfavorable by states 州政府認(rèn)為原政策對(duì)州不利。

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　　38.【題干】According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.hindered economic development

　　B.brought prosperity to the country

　　C.harmed fair market competition

　　D.Doosted growth in states, revenue

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道典型的觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位Anthony Kennedy定位在第四段，再根據(jù)題干細(xì)節(jié)physical presence rule確定定位句為第四段的第二句與第三句。第二句"Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States，實(shí)體店規(guī)定導(dǎo)致州政府稅收虧損嚴(yán)重，第三句the rule "limited States' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.該規(guī)定限制了州政府持長期繁榮，并妨礙了所有市場參與者公平競爭，從而得出答案[D] harmed fair market competition破壞了公平市場競爭。

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　　39.【題干】Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.Internet enterpreneurs

　　B.Big-chair owners

　　C.Third-party sellers

　　D.Small retailers

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道推理題。根據(jù)題干定位范圍確定為第五段，再根據(jù)題干細(xì)節(jié)：more likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling確定定位句為第五段的第一句，第一句the ruling is a victory for big chains這項(xiàng)裁決對(duì)于大型連鎖公司來說是個(gè)勝利。從而得出答案[B] Big-chain owners 大型連鎖公司。

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　　40.【題干】In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the author _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequence

　　B.describes the long and complicated process of its making

　　C.presents its main points with conflicting views on them

　　D.cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道行文架構(gòu)題，考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。整篇文章首段直接點(diǎn)名最高法院通過新的裁決，征收在線營業(yè)稅。第二段介紹原來的判決及其后果，不利州政府。第三段描述原來判決涉及到的案例。第四段列舉大法官觀點(diǎn)，以前判決有瑕疵。第五段論述新判決的影響：對(duì)大型連鎖店有利。第六段談及新裁決對(duì)州外賣家的影響。第七段明確新裁決受到零售界的肯定。根據(jù)各段主旨可以看出作者的行文思路為：首段先介紹新判決，然后二三四段列出一些與此有關(guān)的案例，五六七段論其對(duì)行業(yè)內(nèi)各界的影響。由此得出正確選項(xiàng)[D] cites some cases related to it and analyses their implications 引用相關(guān)案例，并論其影響。

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　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these Paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing form the list-A-G and filling theam into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)

　　A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.

　　B. Of course many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.

　　C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies

　　D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like

　　say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.

　　E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: There is only one way. to get the best of an arguments-and that is to avoid it. This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives-and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

　　F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win- in one way.

　　G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes," and I yell. "No," neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers

　　41_____→42_____→F→43_____→44_____→C→45_____

　　41.【題干】_____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.A

　　B.B

　　C.C

　　D.D

　　E.E

　　F.F

　　G.G

　　【答案】E

　　【解析】快速瀏覽選項(xiàng)，F(xiàn)和C段為已知段。現(xiàn)在要確定的是剩下的段落哪一段可以作為段首。G段落開頭為there is a better way…出現(xiàn)一個(gè)比較級(jí)，說明是和前面的一個(gè)方法相比較，因此不能做段首;A段落these tools開頭，出現(xiàn)代詞，不能組為段首;B段落many discussions are not so successful，出現(xiàn)詞匯so，為代詞，指代上面說的successful discussion，因此不能做句首;這樣只剩D和E段落，D段落開頭Carnegie would be right if…，這里出現(xiàn)了對(duì)人物觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行正確與否的判斷，判斷正確與否的前提是首先要提到此人的存在以及其觀點(diǎn)具體是什么，所以D段落不能為段首，因此此題答案為E。實(shí)際上，縱觀全文，本段是以Carnegie的觀點(diǎn)為切入，然后通過分析Carnegie觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)有效辯論進(jìn)行探討。

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　　42.【題干】_____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.A

　　B.B

　　C.C

　　D.D

　　E.E

　　F.F

　　G.G

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】首段提及到Carnegie以及他書中的觀點(diǎn)，根據(jù)人物線索，本題優(yōu)先選擇出現(xiàn)人物復(fù)現(xiàn)的段落，瀏覽剩余的段落發(fā)現(xiàn)只有選項(xiàng)D出現(xiàn)了Carnegie這個(gè)人。對(duì)這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)稍加分析得知，第一段論述了Carnegie書中的觀點(diǎn)，D選項(xiàng)論述作者對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)的評(píng)論，符合立論型文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。再者，根據(jù)已知段落F句首出現(xiàn)的代詞指代線索也能得出答案。F首句提到These views of arguments與D段落尾句中的this kind of thinking 為同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，因此D為正確答案。

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　　43.【題干】_____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.A

　　B.B

　　C.C

　　D.D

　　E.E

　　F.F

　　G.G

　　【答案】G

　　【解析】該選項(xiàng)位于F項(xiàng)之后，F(xiàn)段最后一句“but they can help you win-in one way”中有“help you win-in one way”，而G段首句“There is a better way to win arguments.”的“a better way to win”是對(duì)“help you win-in one way”的進(jìn)一步說明。因此G段則接著F段。

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　　44.【題干】_____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.A

　　B.B

　　C.C

　　D.D

　　E.E

　　F.F

　　G.G

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】本題位置為C的上一段。所以我們只需找到一段的尾句可以與C段首句進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)即可。C段的第一句話：None of this will be easy...others refuse to...，句意為這樣不容易，即使別人拒絕，但你可以開始...下文繼續(xù)提到從反方面來對(duì)待你的觀點(diǎn)。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)B項(xiàng)最后一句話提到了recognize weakness...accept ...on the opposite side...，此處opposite和refuse均為同義復(fù)現(xiàn)的替換詞。此外，B項(xiàng)段尾是從心理上對(duì)待相反的論點(diǎn)，而C段中state...ask...spell...assess等均為做出的行動(dòng)。先有想法再付諸行動(dòng)的順序也符合了B在前C在后，所以正確答案為B。

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　　45.【題干】_____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.A

　　B.B

　　C.C

　　D.D

　　E.E

　　F.F

　　G.G

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】已知段落C段末尾兩句話講到Next time you state your position…. Next time you talk with someone who…. Assess its strength…。由此可知段落講的都是一些幫助取得辯論勝利的做法技巧，這與A段落開頭的These tools can help you win every argument構(gòu)成了呼應(yīng)，尤其是C段后Next time you talk with someone who 與A段開頭but in the better sense of learning about the issues…同時(shí)都在講對(duì)于別人觀點(diǎn)的看法。因此確定答案選A選項(xiàng)。

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