Text 3

　　Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.

　　Mayor Jose Luis Martinez -Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city 's decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.

　　Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers一who must pay fees or buy better vehicles 一rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.

　　It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.

　　It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents' health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits - fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.

　　But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments一Britain s and others across Europe - have failed to do so.

　　Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas - city centres, 。school streets", even individual roads - are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution. We re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.

　　31. Which of the following is true about Madrid's clean air zone?

　　[A] Its effects are questionable

　　[B]It has been opposed by a judge

　　[C] It needs tougher enforcement

　　[D] Its fate is yet to be decided

　　32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?

　　[A] They are biased against car manufacturers.

　　[B] They prove impractical for city councils.

　　[C] They are deemed too mild for politicians.

　　D] They put too much burden on individual motorists.

　　33. The author believes that the extension of London's Ulez will .

　　[A] arouse strong resistance.

　　[B] ensure Khan's electoral success.

　　[C] improve the city s traffic.

　　[D] discourage car manufacturing.

　　34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?

　　[A] Local residents

　　[B]Mayors.

　　[C] Councilors.

　　[D] National governments.

　　35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies.

　　[A] will raise low-emission car production

　　[B]should be forced to follow regulations

　　[C] will upgrade the design of their vehicles

　　[D] should be put under public supervision

　　31.【答案】D Its fate is yet to be decided

　　解析：本題目為細節(jié)題，考察具體細節(jié)。根據題干關鍵詞Madrid's clean air zone定位到前兩段，首段說明背景Madrid's clean air zone的執(zhí)行暫停。繼續(xù)找第二段，盡管能夠提高空氣質量，但是市長表示反對。一位法官現在否決了該市停止征收罰款的決定，下令恢復原狀。但隨著法律斗爭的進行，Madrid's clean air zone的未來看起來也不確定。正確答案D Its fate is yet to be decided它的命運尚未決定，是原文內容的替換表達。選項A的 Its effects are questionable.其效果值得懷疑。與原文內容相反，屬于正反混淆。選項B的It has been opposed by a judge.它遭到法官的反對。文中法官反對的并不是Madrid's clean air zone，而是停止征收罰款的決定。選項C的It needs tougher enforcement.它需要更嚴格的執(zhí)行。文中是執(zhí)行已經停止，與原文內容不符，屬于偷換概念。

　　32.【答案】D They put too much burden on individual motorists.

　　解析：本題目為細節(jié)題，考察具體細節(jié)。根據題干關鍵詞a weakness of the city-level measures及tackle dirty air定位到第三段第二句：That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose heating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.這是因為他們不可避免地把清潔空氣的費用轉嫁給那些必須支付費用或購買更好車輛的司機，而不是汽車制造商，因為他們的供暖是造成我們有毒污染的真正原因。正確答案D They put too much burden on individual motorists.他們給個人駕車者增加了太多負擔與原文內容一致。選項A的 They are biased again car manufactures.他們對汽車制造商有偏見，文中提到汽車制造商，卻并未提到對其有無偏見，屬于偷換概念。選項B的They prove impractical for city councils.這些措施對市議會來說是不切實際的。選項C的They are deemed too mild for politicians.他們被認為對政治家來說太溫和了。定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。

　　33.【答案】A arouse strong resistance

　　解析：本題目為細節(jié)題，考察具體細節(jié)。根據題干關鍵詞 extension和London’s Ulez定位到第四段：And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.如果 Sadiq Khan在2021年勝出，并按照他的意愿將其延伸至南北環(huán)路，肯定會引發(fā)更多駕車者的強烈反對，屆時他們將受到影響。正確答案A arouse strong resistance引起強烈抵抗與原文內容一致。選項B的ensure Khans electoral success確保Khans選舉成功，文中提到的是如果這個人贏了，屬于偷換概念。選項C的 improve the city's traffic改善城市交通，定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項D的discourage car manufacturing抑制汽車制造業(yè)也并未在定位段提到，屬于無中生有。

　　34.【答案】D National governments

　　解析：本題目為細節(jié)題，考察具體細節(jié)。根據題干信息，問的是作者的具體觀點。定位到第六段：But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments-Britain's and others across Europe- have failed to do so.但是市長和議員們只能對一個比任何一個城市或城鎮(zhèn)都大得多的問題做這么多的工作。他們之所以采取行動，是因為英國和歐洲其他國家的政府未能做到這一點。正確答案D National governments作者認為國家政府應該解決這個問題，與原文內容一致。選項A的 Local residents當地居民，定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項B和C的mayors and councillors出現在定位句，但是與原文內容相反，屬于正反混淆。

　　35. 【答案】B should be forced to follow regulations

　　解析：本題目為推斷題，考察具體細節(jié)的推斷。根據題干信息auto companies，定位到尾段首句：require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance要求汽車公司使其車輛符合要求。正確答案B should be forced to follow regulations應該被迫遵守規(guī)定，與原文信息一致。選項A的 will raise low-emission car production將提高低排放汽車產量，定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項C和D的will upgrade the design of their vehicles 和 should be put under public supervision將升級他們的車輛設計、應該接受公眾監(jiān)督在原文中沒有相關信息。

　　Text4

　　Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this springthe most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was bom after 1995, give or take a year-the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. GenZs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that's tighter than it's been in decades. And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.

　　If"entitled"is the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those bom between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious. According to the career counselors and expert who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both. They aren,'t interested in taking any chances. The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt. College loan balances in the U.S. now stand at a record $1.5 trillion, according to the Federal Reserve.

　　One survey from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose). Job security or stability was the second most important career goal (work-life balance was number one), followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the great good.

　　36. Generation Zs graduating college this spring_____.

　　[A] are recognized for their abilities

　　[B] are in favor of job offers

　　[C] are optimistic about the labor market

　　[D] are drawing growing public attention

　　37. Generation Zs are keenly aware_____.

　　[A] what a tough economic situation is like

　　[B] what their parents expect of them

　　[C] how they differ from past generations

　　[D] I how valuable a counselors advice is

　　38. The word"assuage"(line 9, para 2)is closet in meaning to_____.

　　[A]define [B]relieve [C] maintain [D] deepen

　　39.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs_____.

　　[A] care little about their job performance

　　[B] give top priority to professional training

　　[C]think it hard to achieve work-Life balance

　　[D] have a clear idea about their future job

　　40 Michelsen thinks that compared with millennials, Generation Zs are_____.

　　[A]less realistic B] less adventurous [C]more diligent [D] more generous

　　36. 【C】are drawing growing public attention細節(jié)題。根據題干直接定位到文章根據提干第一段第一句話。信息選項中的“drawing growing public attention ”則對應到句中的“the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks” (近幾周的關注度在穩(wěn)步提高)”，其中attention原詞復現，rising和growing同義復現;而其他的選項則與最佳選項無緣，在定位區(qū)間中沒有相應的對應信息。

　　37. 【B】what a tough economic situation is like;細節(jié)題。根據題干中詢問Generation Z的特點我們來到第二段。題干中的aware直接定位到第二段第四行”Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like(經濟列車受到重創(chuàng)是什么樣子的)”;信息選項中的“tough economic situation ”則對應到句中的“economic train wreck ”;而其他的選項則與最佳選項無緣，在定位區(qū)間中沒有相應的對應信息。

　　38. 【C】relieve;猜詞題。根據題干，可以定位到第九段第二句話：“The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt”,所以解題的關鍵是判斷”The booming economy(繁榮的經濟)”和”generational sense of anxious urgency(代際焦慮)”的關系;根據常識判斷，繁榮的經濟可以降低求職者的焦慮;再結合上一道題我們知道，Gen Zs是務實和謹慎(practical and cautious)的一代;由此可以得出繁榮的經濟并未降低求職者的焦慮，原文已有并未(have done little),選項B中的relieve(減輕)與我們的判斷一致，因此答案為C。而其它的選項A define(定義)，B maintain(保持)，deepen(加深)和我們的判斷都不一致。

　　39. 【A】have a clear idea about their future jobs; 推斷題。題目中明確出題段落(from Paragraph 3)。因此，第三段的第一句chose their major with a job in mind(按照自己的理想工作選擇專業(yè))和選項D have a clear idea about their future jobs(對自己的未來工作有明確認識)相符合。根據原文中的第二句話(未來雇主最重要的特性是工作的穩(wěn)定性，第二位是職業(yè)發(fā)展與培訓，第三位是吸引人的目標)排除答案A和B;選項C并未體現。

　　40. 【B】less adventurous;細節(jié)題。題干中的compared with millennials定位到文章第二段：the catch words for Gen Zs are practical and cautious(Gen Zs的口號是務實和謹慎);由此判斷出選項B不愛冒險為正確答案。其余均與原文不不符。

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