As students primp and preen to wow their favorite colleges, there's one characteristic they can't control: their race. That's one reason voters, courts and politicians in six states have outlawed racial preferences in college admissions, while other colleges, fearful of lawsuits, play down their affirmative-action efforts these days. But make no mistake: race still matters. How much depends on the school and the state.
In Texas, public universities have managed to counteract the effect of racial-preference bans by automatically admitting the top 10% of the graduating class of every high school, including those schools where most students are minorities. But Rice University in Houston, private and highly selective, has had to reinvent its admissions strategies to maintain the school's minority enrollment. Each February, 80 to 90 black, Hispanic and Native American kids visit Rice on an expenses-paid trip. Rice urges counselors from high schools with large minority populations to nominate qualified students. And in the fall, Rice sends two recruiters on the road to find minority applicants; each recruiter visits about 80 predominantly black or Hispanic high schools. Two weeks ago, Rice recruiter Tamara Siler dropped in on Westlake High in Atlanta, where 99% of the 1,296 students are black. Siler went bearing literature and advice, and though only two kids showed up, she said, “I'm pleased I got two.”
Rice has also resorted to some almost comical end-runs around the spirit of the law. The university used to award a yearly scholarship to a Mexican-American student; now it goes to a student who speaks Spanish really well. Admissions officers no longer know an applicant's race. But a new essay question asks about each student's “background” and “cultural traditions.” When Rice officials read applications, they look for “diverse life experiences” and what they awkwardly call “overcome students,” who have triumphed over hardship.
Last spring, admissions readers came across a student whose SAT score was lower than 1,200 and who did not rank in the top 10% of her class. Numerically speaking, she lagged far behind most accepted applicants. But her essay and recommendations indicated a strong interest in civil rights and personal experience with racial discrimination. She was admitted. “All the newspapers say affirmative action is done,” says a veteran counselor at a large New York City high school. “But nothing has changed. I have a [minority] kid at Yale with an SAT score in the high 900s.”
While minority admissions at the University of California system overall have dipped only slightly since a ban on affirmative action took effect in 1998, they have plummeted at the most selective campuses. At Berkeley, for example, the class entering this fall included 608 Chicano students, vs. 1,013 in 1997. In response, the elite schools have moved aggressively to recruit at minority high schools——and even to improve the performance of students who are graduating from them. This year the U.C. system will spend $250 million on outreach, from installing tutors at low-income schools to inviting high school teachers to summer calculus seminars.
注(1):本文選自Time;10/23/2000,? p77;
注(2):本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2001年真題text 2和2002年真題text 2第2題(5)
1. Affirmative action is something ___________.
[A] that guarantees students of different races to be admitted equally
[B] American citizens fight against because it discriminates minority students
[C] colleges take to give preference to minority students in college admission
[D] favored by American colleges yet unpopular with American public
2. Rice University sent two recruiters to find minority applicants because _________.
[A] Rice wanted to maintain minority enrollment
[B] minority students have better school performance
[C] Rice has a large minority population
[D] Rice is famous for admitting minority students
3. The writer mentioned Rice‘s some comic end-runs around the spirit of the law to show
that_____________.
[A] Rice abides by the law strictly
[B] Rice deals with students in a comic way
[C] Rice prefers minority students
[D] Rice has its own ways of dealing with the law
4. It seems that minority students _________.
[A] are still benefiting from affirmative action
[B] have lower SAT scores
[C] are often admitted by universities because they have unique racial experience
[D] lag far behind than other students in school performance
5. The word “plummeted” (Line 2, Paragraph 5) most probably means_________.?
[A] doubled
[B] risen
[C] stayed the same
[D] decreased
答案:C A D A D
篇章剖析
本文是一篇說明文,介紹了各大學(xué)是如何應(yīng)對不允許在招生中照顧少數(shù)族裔的法律的。在第一段作者指出雖然一些州規(guī)定在大學(xué)招生中照顧某些種族的政策為非法,但學(xué)生的種族身份仍然很重要。第二段介紹了德克薩斯州公立大學(xué)的應(yīng)對策略和私立大學(xué)萊斯大學(xué)對付這一情況的辦法。第三段介紹了萊斯大學(xué)所采用的迂回策略。第四段以兩個例子說明少數(shù)族裔的學(xué)生即使SAT成績不高也能上名牌大學(xué)。最后一段介紹了加利福尼亞禁止平權(quán)措施帶來的影響以及加利福尼亞大學(xué)為了克服這些不利影響所作的努力。
詞匯注釋
primp: v. 梳理(頭發(fā)),打扮
preen: v. 把(自己)打扮漂亮
wow: v. 激起熱烈贊揚, 使驚嘆, 使佩服
affirmative-action: 平權(quán)措施
counteract: v. 抵抗;抵制;消除,抵消
enrollment: n. 登記, 注冊, 入學(xué)
counselor: n. 顧問
nominate: v. 提名, 推薦
predominantly: adv. 主要地,占優(yōu)勢地
Hispanic: adj. 西班牙的
literature: n. 印刷品
resort: v. 求助, 訴諸, 采取(某種手段等)
end-run: 迂回
diverse: adj. 不同的, 變化多的
SAT: 學(xué)術(shù)能力測驗指代(美國)學(xué)術(shù)能力測試的一種標(biāo)志
numerically: adv. 用數(shù)字, 在數(shù)字上
recommendation: n. 推薦信
discrimination: n. 歧視
veteran: n. 老手, 富有經(jīng)驗的人
dip: v. (短時間)降下一點,降低一些
plummet: v. 驟降,爆跌突然和大幅度地降低
Chicano: adj. n.奇卡諾人(指墨西哥裔美國人或在美國的講西班牙語的拉丁美洲人后裔)
outreach: n. 擴大服務(wù)項目;有系統(tǒng)地嘗試向一團體的特別部門提供超常規(guī)的服務(wù)
calculus: n. 微積分學(xué)
seminar: n. 研究會, 討論發(fā)表會
難句突破
That's one reason voters, courts and politicians in six states have outlawed racial preferences in college admissions, while other colleges, fearful of lawsuits, play down their affirmative-action efforts these days.
主體句式That‘s one reason…
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:這是一個復(fù)雜句,reason后面的成分是一個同位語從句,在這個從句里又包含了一個while引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,表示對照。文中比較難的語言表達是play down和affirmative-action.“play down”的意思是“降低,減少”,而“affirmative action”指的是美國大學(xué)為了保證少數(shù)族裔的受教育機會而采取的照顧政策,稱為“平權(quán)措施”。
句子譯文:正因如此,才會有六個州的選民,法庭和從政者將大學(xué)招生中的對某些種族的照顧政策宣布為非法,而其它的大學(xué)最近也因為擔(dān)心法律訴訟而減少了在實施平權(quán)法案方面的努力。
題目分析
1. 答案為C,屬推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的上下文,美國六個州制定法律,規(guī)定“racial preferences in college admissions”為非法,繼而說美國的學(xué)校為了免于訴訟就減少了“affirmation action”的努力,可見“affirmation action”應(yīng)該是指在大學(xué)入學(xué)方面給與少數(shù)民族學(xué)生的照顧政策。
2. 答案為A,屬事實細節(jié)題。第二段第四行講述了Rice University不得不重新制定策略“to maintain the school‘s minority enrollment”,下面派招生員到各處招收少數(shù)族裔申請者則是實現(xiàn)這一目的的一個方式?梢姶鸢甘茿.
3. 答案為D,屬推理判斷題。文章第二段提到Rice University為了應(yīng)對新法律不得不重新制定策略來保證學(xué)校少數(shù)族裔學(xué)生入學(xué)。接著在第三段中舉了三個根法律玩擦邊球的例子:把原來給墨西哥裔學(xué)生的年度獎學(xué)金變成給西班牙語流利的學(xué)生(墨西哥裔學(xué)生的母語多位西班牙語);雖然不知道申請人的種族,但申請者要回答的論文問題卻是“背景”和“文化傳統(tǒng)”,而且招生人員看重的是“不同的體驗”和“克服困難”的學(xué)生(少數(shù)族裔學(xué)生通過回答這些問題就可以輕易地讓招生人員把他們挑出來)?梢奟ice大學(xué)自有一套對付法律的辦法。
4. 答案為A,屬推理判斷題。第四段舉了兩個大學(xué)入學(xué)考試成績不高但依然被錄取的少數(shù)族裔學(xué)生的例子,接著引用一位中學(xué)顧問的話:“所有的報紙都說平權(quán)措施(affirmative action)要過時了,但一切都是老樣子。”來說明少數(shù)族裔的學(xué)生依然從平權(quán)措施中受益。
5. 答案為D,屬猜詞題。這個詞的意思可以從下文中給出的例子猜測出來。文中說:以伯克利為例,今年秋季入學(xué)的班級有608名奇卡諾裔學(xué)生,而在1997年,這個數(shù)字是1013人?梢娚贁(shù)族裔的入學(xué)人數(shù)是大幅下降了。
參考譯文
當(dāng)學(xué)生們?yōu)榱私o自己喜愛的學(xué)校留下好印象而打扮修飾的時候,有一點卻是他們無法控制的:那就是他們的種族身份。正因如此,才會有六個州的選民,法庭和從政者將大學(xué)招生中的對某些種族的照顧政策宣布為非法,而其它的大學(xué)最近也因為擔(dān)心法律訴訟而減少了在實施平權(quán)措施方面的努力。但別弄錯了:種族身份仍然很重要。到底有多重要則因?qū)W校和州而異。
在德克薩斯州,公立大學(xué)通過自動錄取各個中學(xué)畢業(yè)班成績在前10%的學(xué)生,包括那些以少數(shù)族裔為主的學(xué)校的學(xué)生來抵消禁止照顧某些種族所產(chǎn)生的影響。但休斯敦的私立大學(xué)萊斯大學(xué)對學(xué)生的挑選比較嚴(yán)格,因而不得不重新制定其招生方針以保持學(xué)校少數(shù)民族學(xué)生的入學(xué)情況。每年二月,80到90名黑人,西班牙裔和印第安人兒童會免費參觀萊斯。萊斯鼓勵少數(shù)民族學(xué)生較多的中學(xué)的顧問提名合格的學(xué)生。今年秋季,萊斯還派了兩名招生員到外地尋找少數(shù)族裔的申請人;每一名招生員走訪了將近80所以黑人和西班牙裔學(xué)生為主的中學(xué)。兩星期前,萊斯的招生員塔瑪拉。塞勒順便走訪了亞特蘭大市的西湖中學(xué),該校1296名學(xué)生中99%都是黑人。塞勒帶著印刷品和建議去到那所學(xué)校,雖然只有兩個孩子露面,她仍然說:“我很高興我招到了兩個”
萊斯大學(xué)還采取了一些可笑的迂回手段來應(yīng)對這條法律。 這所大學(xué)以前每年都會給一位墨西哥裔美國學(xué)生授予年度獎學(xué)金;現(xiàn)在的要求則是能夠說一口流利的西班牙語。招生官員再也無從知道申請人的種族身份。但一個新的考試題目問及每個學(xué)生的“背景”和“文化傳統(tǒng)”。當(dāng)萊斯的官員閱讀申請書的時候,他們尋找的是“不同的生活體驗”以及被他們笨拙地稱為“克困學(xué)生”的那些成功克服困難的學(xué)生。
去年春天,閱讀招生信息的讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)有一個學(xué)生的SAT(學(xué)術(shù)能力測驗)成績低于1200分,而且她也不在班里的前10%之列。如果按排序的話,她比大部分已經(jīng)被接受的申請人的成績要差很多。但她的論文和推薦信表明她對于民權(quán)有著濃厚的興趣,而且還親身經(jīng)歷過種族歧視。最后她被錄取了。“所有的報紙都說平權(quán)措施要過時了,”來自一所規(guī)模較大的紐約市中學(xué)的一位資深顧問說道!暗磺卸际抢蠘幼印N抑酪粋[少數(shù)族裔]學(xué)生上了耶魯,SAT成績也就900多分!
自從1998年開始禁止平權(quán)措施以來,加利福尼亞大學(xué)少數(shù)族裔的整體錄取情況只是略有下降,盡管如此,他們在淘汰率高的校區(qū)卻下降較多。以伯克利為例,今年秋季入學(xué)的班級有608名奇卡諾裔學(xué)生,而在1997年,這個數(shù)字是1013人。為了應(yīng)對這一情況,那些主力學(xué)院都開始積極在少數(shù)民族中學(xué)招生——甚至還積極幫助那些從這類學(xué)校畢業(yè)的學(xué)生提高學(xué)習(xí)成績。今年加利福尼亞大學(xué)將會花2.5億美元系統(tǒng)地擴大服務(wù)項目,從在低收入學(xué)校安排指導(dǎo)教師到邀請中學(xué)老師參加夏季微積分研討會等不一而足。
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