北京新東方學(xué)校 周雷

　　2010年的考研英語(yǔ)完型填空部分，使用了2009年6月6日 Economist 《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》雜志上的一篇文章，文章主要內(nèi)容，是對(duì)社會(huì)學(xué)上一個(gè)經(jīng)典的理論：霍桑效應(yīng)的批判和反思。文章難度適中。命題專家在出題的時(shí)候也進(jìn)行了一定程度的改寫。下面結(jié)合原文，我來(lái)公布一下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案。

　　Light work; Questioning the Hawthorne effect

　　June 6, 2009

　　WHEN America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago in 1924, it hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected (第一題答案為A)workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended up (第二題答案為B)giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very act (第三題答案為C)of being experimented upon changes subjects' behaviour。

　　The idea arose because of the perplexing (第四題答案為B)behaviour of the women (who assembled relays and wound coils of wire)(題目中此處刪除) in the Hawthorne plant. According to accounts (第五題答案為C)of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not matter (第六題答案為B)what was done; so long as (第七題答案為D)something was changed, productivity rose. An awareness (第八題答案為A)that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough (第九題答案為C)to alter workers' behaviour by (第十題答案為D)itself。

　　命題專家改寫了下面的句子(The data from the illumination experiments had never been rigorously analysed and were believed lost. But Steven Levitt and John List, two economists at the University of Chicago, discovered that the data had survived the decades in two archives in Milwaukee and Boston,) and decided to subject (第十一題答案為C)them to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store for them. Contrary to (第十二題答案為A)the descriptions in the literature, they found no systematic evidence (第十三題答案為A)that levels of productivity in the factory rose whenever changes in lighting were implemented。

　　It turns out that idiosyncrasies in the way the experiments were conducted may have led to misleading (第十四題答案為D)interpretations of what happened. For example(第十五題答案為B)， lighting was always changed on a Sunday, when the plant was closed. When it reopened on Monday, output duly rose (第十六題答案為A)compared with Saturday, the last working day before the change, and continued (第十七題答案為D)to rise for the next couple of days. But (第十八題答案)a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers tended to(第十九題答案) beaver away(題目中換成了較簡(jiǎn)單的be diligent) for the first few days of the working week in any case, before hitting (第二十題答案為D)a plateau and then slackening off。

　　以下原文的兩段沒(méi)有選，我在這里列出，僅供大家參考：

　　Another of the original observations was that output fell when the trials ceased, suggesting that the act of experimentation caused increased productivity. But experimentation stopped in the summer, and it turns out from the records of production after the experiments that output tended to fall in the summer anyway. Perhaps workers were just hot。

　　There is a suggestion in the data that productivity was more responsive to changes in artificial than natural light. This could be interpreted as a subtler version of the Hawthorne effect, if you believe that workers were aware that changes in artificial light were induced by the experimenters, whereas natural light was changing on its own. But even this evidence is weak. For something so influential and intuitively appealing, it turns out that the Hawthorne effect is remarkably hard to pin down。

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