英語語法是關(guān)于英語語言結(jié)構(gòu)的理論知識。要學好這門課程需要系統(tǒng)地、全面地了解英語語言的結(jié)構(gòu)層次以及每一層次上語言單位的組合規(guī)則,同時需要認知語言的意義,語言是負載意義的,懂得意義也是學習語法和解題的基礎(chǔ)。語言的使用是意義和結(jié)構(gòu)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。本文講述英語語法考試中考生容易忽略的各部分測試要點或難點,并結(jié)合近兩年(98年至2000年)的英語語法專業(yè)考試試題和《英語語法自學考試指導練習》中的題目,分析解題方法。
一、詞組和基本句型
1.英語的句子首先是詞組的序列。詞組是句中被分割的句法單位的形式,句子成分則是句法單位的功能。例如:
The device is the most important invention in many years.
名詞詞組 動詞詞組 名詞詞組
主 語 謂語動詞 主語補足語
兩者之間有交叉關(guān)系。要注意每個詞組可能擔當?shù)木渥映煞,例如?
It is hoped that the two sides may come to an agreement.
____________,the two sides may come to an agreement.(2000年上試題)
分析:空格是評注性狀語,常為副詞詞組,故填Hopefully。
2.英語的五個基本句型是理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵。例如,在“主語+謂語動詞+主語補足語”句型中,動詞是連系動詞。
The plums looked sweetly(A), but(B) he could not eat(C) the fruit he had stolen(D).(練習32頁)
分析:look 在此句中不是行為動詞而是連系支詞,故A需改為sweet。
3.在“主語+謂語動詞”句型中,動詞是不及物動詞。
He rose(A) to speak(B) and was listened(C) with enthusiasm by the large audience(D).(練習86頁)
分析:listen是不及物動詞,無被動語態(tài),故C改為was listened to。
4.在“主語+謂語動詞+賓語”句型中,動詞是單賓語及物動詞,必須帶一個賓語,否則是錯句。
It should bear(A) in mind that(B) there us great damage(C) to(D) the forests.(98年下試題)
分析:that引導主語從句,及物動詞bear后無賓語,故A改為被動語態(tài)。
5.在“主語+謂語動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”句型中,動詞是雙賓語及物動詞。
They tell me that he is at home.
I ____________ ____________ that he is at home.(練習177頁)
分析:一個賓語me可因被動語態(tài)變主語I ,另一賓語仍在后面。故填am told。
6.在“主語+謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”句型中,動詞是復合賓語及物動詞。賓語后接賓語補足語,及物動詞是否可帶賓語補足語以及所帶補足語的形式為動詞本身的特點所決定。
Don't get the boy ____________ (frighten)into ____________(cry).(99年下試題)
分析:根據(jù)frighten空格所需的被動意義和get可接過去分詞做賓語補足語的特征填frightened和crying。
二、名詞和名詞詞組
1.要了解名詞詞組四個部分的詞序,例如:
all those beautiful warm days in the country
限定詞+前置定語+中心詞+后置定語
――“What on earth is that?”
――“Don't you know? That's whale,____________.”
A.largest world's mammal
B.a largest world mammal
C.the world's largest mammal
D.largest mammal of the world(98年下試題)
分析:C是正常詞序,其它三個答案均有錯誤。
2.限定詞對中心詞作所指和數(shù)量關(guān)系的限定,分為前位、中位和后位限定詞。例如:
These all(A) last few(B) days, we have been busy(C) fighting(D) drought.(98年下試題)
分析:A錯,前位和中位限定詞錯位,改為All these。
不可以同時使用兩個前位或兩個中位限定詞,后位限定詞則可以被重疊使用。如在上句中有兩個后位限定詞。
其次,要注意限定詞和可數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞的搭配關(guān)系,例如:
Many(A) critics have condemned the television networks for(B) not having much(C) imaginative programs for(D) children.(98年下試題)
分析:much不可限定可數(shù)名詞programs,改為many。
3.前置定語中部分主要是形容詞。常有兩、三個形容詞的排序問題,例如:
The Republican Party is one of the ____________ parties of the United States.
A.political two principle
B.principle political two
C.two principle political
D.two political principle(98年上試題)
分析:答案是C,順序為:限定詞、一般描繪性的形容詞、用途形容詞。
4.中心詞是名詞詞組的核心,決定該名詞詞組單數(shù)或復數(shù)的概念。
A(A) number of endangered species(B) increases every year as(C) natural resources disappear(D).(98年下試題)
分析:A改為The,中心詞由species變成number,因為動詞increases是單數(shù)形式。
5.后置定語的形式有形容詞詞組、非限定動詞詞組、介詞詞組、定語從句等。要注意前、后置定語的相互切換以及形式的變化。例如:
a three-year-old boy / a boy three years old / a boy who is three years old
三、代詞
1.代詞指代名詞詞組,代詞的所指對象在上文和下文中分別為后照應和前照應。應注意代詞和所指帶的名詞詞組之間的數(shù)、人稱等方面的一致。例如:
None(A) of us knew his real intentions(B) until we were(C) revealed by accident(D).(99年上試題)
分析:C錯。we改為they指intentions。
In their(A) own way, mathematics can(B) be as creative and exciting(C) as(D) poetry.(98年下試題)
分析:A錯。their改為its指mathematics。
2.人稱代詞指代包含前、后置定語在內(nèi)的名詞詞組,不可以再帶前、后置定語,例如:
For them(A) interested in nature, the club offers(B) hikes and overnight camping(C) each week during(D) the summer.(練習21頁)
分析:them不帶后置定語,改為those。
3.人稱代詞做同位語時,根據(jù)所同位的名詞詞組在句中的成分,選擇主格或賓格。
To(A) the finalists, Bob and I(B), the last high jump was the most exciting as well as(C) the most difficult(D).(練習20頁)
分析:B錯,I改為me,因為所同位的finalists是賓語。
4.不定代詞的用法比較復雜,需要我們逐一去熟悉它們各自的用法。例如:
So(A) is the length of the bridge(B) that the shape of the earth has to be taken into(C) account by(D) its designer.(98年上試題)
分析:A錯。Such而不是so可做代詞在此倒裝句中做主語補足語。
四、形容詞和副詞及其詞組
形容詞或形容詞詞組一般作名詞詞組中的修飾語和補語;副詞或副詞詞組一般作形容詞和副詞詞組的修飾語和狀語。
1.中心形容詞和邊緣形容詞。邊緣形容詞不完全具備形容詞所有的句法功能。一種邊緣形容詞不能做前置修飾語,例如:
表示健康狀況的形容詞:ill,well,unwell,faint
以詞綴a開始的形容詞,例如ablaze, adrift, afire, aflame, afloat, afoot, afraid, akin, alike, alive, along, amiss, ashamed, aslant, alight, asleep, awake, aware等。
另一種邊緣形容詞只能做前置定語,例如:
a mere child, the only reason, sheer arrogance, a certain man, utter nonsense
2.梯度形容詞有程度變化,有比較級和最高級形式,也可以由very等程度狀語修飾。非梯度形容詞則相反,例如:
He occupies a ____________ place in English literature.(練習40頁)
A.most unique
B.unique
C.least unique
D.very unique
分析:答案B,因為unique是非梯度形容詞。
3.ing詞尾的形容詞有主動意義,ed、able和ible詞尾的形容詞具有被動意義。
The unnatural tides(A) of the ocean(B) left the scientists completely(C) astonishing(D).(98年下試題)
分析:答案D,改為astonished,因為該部分需要被動意義。
4.注意同詞根或形式相近的形容詞、副詞之間差異,例如,
In modern(A) industrious(B) areas, sociocultural changes is occurring(C) at an accelerated(D) rate.
分析:答案B,改為industrial,industrious意為勤奮的,industrial意為工業(yè)的。
5.句子有原級比較有as結(jié)構(gòu),有比較結(jié)構(gòu)有than結(jié)構(gòu),例如,
Truly speaking(A), success(B) does not own so much to(C) intelligence like(D) diligence.(99年下試題)
分析:答案D,改為as,因為前面有原級比較結(jié)構(gòu)。
6.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換,例如:
I am more impressed by the form of the poem than by its content.
I am ____________ so impressed by the content of the poem ____________ by its form.(not as)(99年下試題)
The book cost as much as 50 dollars.
The book cost ____________ than 50 dollars.(no less)(99年下試題)
He is the strongest of all the students in his class.
He is stronger ____________ any of his ____________ .(than classmates)(99年下試題)
五、動詞和動詞詞組
在這一部分,應注意動詞在時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣和非謂語動詞等表現(xiàn)方式上的變化。
1.狀態(tài)動詞一般無進行時態(tài)。例如
Now that the flowers ___________ , the garden ____________ , good.(教材161頁)
A.bloom, smells
B.bloom, is smelling
C.are blooming, smells
D.are blooming, is smelling
分析:答案是C,smell是狀態(tài)動詞,沒有進行時態(tài)。
2.進行時態(tài)有較強的動作的暫時性特征,例如:
My son isn't diligent, but he ___________ (work)hard this term.
分析:填is working,因為“勤奮”有暫時性。
3.進行時態(tài)和某些頻度副詞連用,有情感色彩,例如:
Nobody likes him, because he ____________ to curry favour with the boss.(98年下試題)
A.is always trying
B.always tries
C.does always try
D.has always tried
分析:因為“無人喜歡分”,答案是A。
4.現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)常用so far,up to now,in the past/last…years/days/weeks等時間狀語:
“Is there anything wrong?”
“No. So far I ____________ no trouble.”(98年下試題)(答案:have had)
5.過去完成時常表示某一動作在過去的一個動作之前已經(jīng)完成,例如:
The secretary opened the mail which ____________ (deliver)that morning.(98年下試題)
分析:送郵件在打開郵件之前,故填had been delivered。
6.將來完成進行時常表示一將來動作在另一將來動作發(fā)生之后才發(fā)生,例如:
You won't know if it fits until you ____________ (try)it on.(98年下試題)
分析:試穿以后才知道是否合身,故填have tried。
7.如果及物動詞后面的賓語消失,則說明該動詞應為被動形式,例如:
It should bear(A) in mind that(B) there is great damage(C) to(D) the forests.(98年下試題)
分析:答案是A,bear后面無賓語應將其改為被動形式。
8.注意would rather(that)/would sooner(that)/would as soon(that)/would prefer(that)結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣,例如:
I'd rather you ____________ (post)the letter right away.(98年下試題)
分析:此空格動詞表示未來的動作,填posted。
The show was boring. I'd rather ____________(not go)to it.(98年下試題)
分析:此格動詞表示已發(fā)生過的動作,填had not gone。
9.在含有非真實條件的句子中虛擬語氣交叉時間或交叉語氣形式:
If you hadn't taken such a long time to get dressed, we ____________(be)there by now.(98年下試題)
分析:交叉時間,過去的虛假假設(shè),現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果故填would be。
He was attending a meeting, or he ____________(attend)your birthday party.(99年下試題)
分析:先為陳述語氣,后為虛擬語氣,故填would have attended。
10.表示建議、命令、要求的四種名詞性從句需用虛擬語氣,例如:
She asked that flowers ____________ (present)____________(please)the group of visitors.(99年上試題)
分析:ask的賓語從句,表示要求,故填be presented和to please。
11.動詞不定式常用來表示未發(fā)生過的動作,例如:
The museum ____________(renovate)next week is situated on the river's bank.(98年下試題)
分析:因為時間是下周,故填to be renovated。
12.動詞不定式的完成式在下面句子中表示過去本要做,但是沒有做成的虛擬語氣
I ought ____________(discuss)the matter with you, but I had other business in hand.(99年下試題)
I meant ____________(write)a letter to you, but I just couldn't find time.(98年下試題)
分析:兩題分別表示本應該和本打算要做,但未做成,故填to have discussed和to have written。
13.動詞不定式的完成式表示動作發(fā)生在句子主要謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如:
The building is said ____________(destroy)in a fire two years ago.(98年下試題)
分析:destroy發(fā)生于is said之前,故用完成式。
14.做結(jié)果狀語時,動詞不定式常和only連用;分詞常和thus連用。
He hurried to the station only ____________(find)the train had gone.
The plane ran into a lamp pole, thus ____________(cause)heavy casualties.(99年下試題)
分析:分別填to find和causing。
15.邏輯主語后加分詞結(jié)構(gòu)為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),仍需注意之間的主被動關(guān)系。例如:
The old man walked with a stick, his hope ____________(slip)away at every step.(99年下試題)
The temperature ____________(be)low, the fuel has to be preheated.(98年下試題)
A man turned corner, a heavy, blue-black revolver ____________(hold)in each hand.(99年下試題)
分析:上兩句中為主動關(guān)系,故填slipping和being, 下句中為被動關(guān)系,故填held。注意不能填was slipping等,因為逗號不連接兩個分句。
16.動名詞能否做動詞賓語取決于前面的動詞。如果是介詞賓語,非謂語動詞中只有動名詞能做。例如:
“Why don't you try to do that kind of work?”
“I can't risk ____________(do)something new right now.”(99年下試題)(答案:doing)
We look forward to ____________(see)you soon.(99年下試題)(答案:seeing)
六、一致關(guān)系
1.語法一致指主語名詞詞組中心詞的形式?jīng)Q定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)。例如:
A(A) number of endangered species(B) increases(C) every year as natural resources disappear(D).
分析:答案是A,改為The,中心詞由species變成number。
2.意義一致是指有時不根據(jù)中心詞的單復數(shù)而是根據(jù)其意義決定謂語動詞的形式。
So long as you have a companion, twenty miles aren't a long way to walk, especially on a fine morning like this.(99年下試題)
分析:twenty miles被看作一個整體,B部分改為isn't a long way。
3.就近原則指一些并列結(jié)構(gòu)做主語時,其相關(guān)形式根據(jù)較近的并列成分而定。
English you or your sisters must do it by ____________.(99年下試題)
A.themselves
B.yourself
C.oneself
D.yourselves.
分析:與your sisters較近,答案為A。
4.主語的中心詞是常為復數(shù)意義的集體名詞時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。
The police(A) has been searching(B) for a tall dark(C) man with a beard. Until now(D) more than one person is suspected.(99年下試題)
分析:由于has been而將A部分改為policeman。
5.主語的中心詞是常為不可數(shù)意義的集體名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
I like to stay long in the park. The green __________ really beautiful.(98年下試題)
A.foliage is
B.foliage are
C.foliages is
D.foliages are
分析:foliage是此類名詞,答案是A。
6.定語從句的謂語動詞要和該從句引導詞所代表的先行詞保持一致。例如:
I am one of(A) those people who(B) by general opinion of the world is(C) counted both(D) infamous and unhappy.
分析:who指those people, 故C改為are。
七、并列句、復合句和獨立結(jié)構(gòu)
1.注意并列結(jié)構(gòu)中和語篇連接中的語義關(guān)系,這常常是考查點。
Think it over again(A) but(B) you will be able to find(C) it out(D).(98年下試題)
分析:but改為and, 前后是條件和結(jié)果的關(guān)系。
Mr. Robert told his assistant to hold it right side up and be careful not to jerk it ____________ the mechanism.
A.or he would damage
B.and he would damage
C.or he damaged
D.and he damaged
(98年下試題)
分析:需要的意義為“否則”,動作尚為發(fā)生,故選A。
Public transportation in those(A) countries is expanding(B), and consequently(C) the use of subways in some metropolitan(D) areas is on the decline.(99年下試題)
分析:C部分意義應為“然而”或“但是”,改為however、yet等。
2.注意從句各類引導詞不同的功能,例如:
That our computer failed to work properly was ____________ the bill was incorrect.(99年下試題)
A.why
B.because
C.whether
D.since
分析:because和since不引導主語補語從句,該從句意義需要一副詞,故選A。
She emphasized the fact ____________ people do something dishonest they are really cheating themselves.(99年下試題)
A.which then
B.that when
C.that those
D.those which
分析:that引導同位語從句,when引導該從句中的時間狀語從句,故選B。
No matte(A) who(B) has skills as well as(C) knowledge must be treated well, mustn't he(C)?(99年下試題)
分析:答案為A,改為Anyone。此句還可改為:Whoever had skills and knowledge must be treated well, mustn't he?或者No matter who has skills and knowledge, he must be treated well, mustn't he?
The boy no longer reads the same kind of stories ____________ used to fascinated him.
A.which
B.as
C.to be
D.having(99年下試題)
分析:定語從句先行詞前如有the same或such, 該從句引導詞為as。
3.注意逗號前后不能是并列結(jié)構(gòu),只能從屬結(jié)構(gòu),例如:
Mr. Smith will move into(A) his new house next Monday(B), by that time(C) it will be completely finished(D).(98年下試題)
分析:原句逗號并連了句子,故將C改為by which time。
八、省略和倒裝
1.省略是一種避免重復、保持語言簡潔,并使上下文緊密聯(lián)系的語法手段。在省略或替代中,我們常用I think so,I hope so,I'm afraid so替代上文中出現(xiàn)的一些內(nèi)容。其否定形式是I think not,I hope not,I'm afraid not。例如:
“Is he going tonight?”
“I'm afraid ___________.”(98年下試題)
A.not
B.not so
C.such
D.that she so(答案:A)
2.如果狀語從句的主語和句子主語相同,其主語可以省略,例如:
____________ the most poverty-stricken county in the province, my native town has become the most prosperous county.(99年下試題)
A.After
B.Once
C.If only
D.As far as(答案:A)
3.倒裝是指英語句子正常的詞序發(fā)生了變化。否定詞在句首的句子要發(fā)生局部倒裝。
In no country other than(A) England one can(B) experience four seasons in a single day(C), can he(D)?(99年下試題)
分析:句首部分有否詞no,故B部分改為can one。
4.Only+狀語在句首的句子要發(fā)生局部倒裝。
Only by driving off the road we were able to avoid a serious accident on our way to London a few days ago.(2000年上試題)
分析:B部分改為were we。
5.非真實條件中條件狀語分句可以倒裝。例如:
____________ you lend me some help, I would feel much obliged.
A.If
B.Were
C.Would
D.Should(98年下試題)
分析:答案為D,倒裝后意為If you should lend…
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