走出“主謂一致”三大誤區(qū)

句子的核心是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的確定取決于主語(yǔ)。根據(jù)句子含義和結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)準(zhǔn)主語(yǔ)是掌握主謂一致的必要條件；弄清主謂一致的語(yǔ)言規(guī)則和習(xí)慣是掌握主謂一致的充分條件，要正確使用主謂一致，兩個(gè)條件缺一不可，但同學(xué)們往往會(huì)走入以下三大誤區(qū)。

誤區(qū)一 誤認(rèn)主語(yǔ)

1. 倒裝句

①Between the two buildings are a big tree. （×）

②Between the two buildings is a big tree. （√）

【解析】第①句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用are，錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為the two buildings是該句的主語(yǔ)，但實(shí)際上是介詞between的賓語(yǔ)，一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，而介詞短語(yǔ)不能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。該句是一個(gè)倒裝句，真正主語(yǔ)是a big tree。因此第②句正確。

特別提醒倒裝句的常見結(jié)構(gòu)：副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)

2. 主語(yǔ)之后帶有介詞短語(yǔ)

①The fruit like apples , oranges are good for our health. （×）

②The fruit like apples , oranges is good for our health. （√）

【解析】第①句誤認(rèn)為apples , oranges是主語(yǔ)，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用are，而實(shí)際上the fruit才是該句的主語(yǔ)，like apples , oranges是介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the fruit。該句譯為“像蘋果、桔子之類的水果對(duì)我們的身體是有好處的”。因此第②句是正確的。

特別提醒類似的結(jié)構(gòu)有：主語(yǔ)+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)一致，而與介詞短語(yǔ)之后的名詞無(wú)關(guān)。

3. one of . . . + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)代詞

①There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. （×）

②There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. （√）

【解析】one of the boys的中心詞是one，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，造成第①句錯(cuò)誤的原因主要是把the boys當(dāng)成了該句的主語(yǔ)。

4. 定語(yǔ)從句

①I like the photos which was taken in Beijing. （×）

②I like the photos which were taken in Beijing. （√）

【解析】which were taken in Beijing是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，用于修飾先行詞the photos，而which本身就代替先行詞the photos。因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)，造成第①句錯(cuò)誤的原因是沒有弄清楚關(guān)系詞which的實(shí)質(zhì)，只是從形式上看它是單數(shù)。

特別提醒定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該與先行詞保持一致。

誤區(qū)二 被主語(yǔ)的表象迷惑

1. 看似復(fù)數(shù)卻表單數(shù)概念

①M(fèi)aths are my favourite subject. （×）

②Maths is my favourite subject. （√）

【解析】maths本身是一個(gè)以“s”結(jié)尾的單詞，而不是一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞，表示單數(shù)概念“數(shù)學(xué)”這一學(xué)科，因此第②句正確。

類似的有：physics , news , politics . . .

2. 看似單數(shù)卻表復(fù)數(shù)概念

①The police is searching for the robbers. （×）

②The police are searching for the robbers. （√）

【解析】the police譯為“警方”，表示復(fù)數(shù)概念，而不是表示“那個(gè)警察”，因此第②句正確，類似的詞有：people , the + 形容詞，the + 姓 + family等均表復(fù)數(shù)概念。

3. 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)同形

①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? （×）

②There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? （√）

【解析】sheep是一個(gè)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞，由于sheep之前用的a little修飾，加上Can you see it中的it指代單數(shù)，因此a little sheep譯為“一只小綿羊”，因此第②句正確。如果將原題改為：There ________ （be） a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them?那又會(huì)怎么樣呢。

特別提醒類似的單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的詞還有fish, Chinese, Japanese等，要根據(jù)句子的含義和結(jié)構(gòu)暗示來(lái)判斷其單復(fù)數(shù)。

4. 集合名詞

①Their family is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. （×）

②Their family is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. （√）

【解析】family是一個(gè)集合名詞，表示整體概念時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，表示個(gè)體概念時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。該句譯為“他們?nèi)�家很幸福，現(xiàn)在全家人正在看電視”。因此第一個(gè)family表示整體概念，譯為“家庭”，第二個(gè)family表示個(gè)體概念，譯為“家人”，第②句正確。

特別提醒類似的還有g(shù)roup, class, team等既可表單數(shù)也可表復(fù)數(shù)。

誤區(qū)三 誤用語(yǔ)言規(guī)則

1. 表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢、重量、數(shù)量等名詞作主語(yǔ)

①Ten years are quite a long time. （×）

②Ten years is quite a long time. （√）

【解析】表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢、重量、數(shù)量等名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，容易錯(cuò)誤理解為復(fù)數(shù)而出現(xiàn)第①句的錯(cuò)誤。

2. 由and連接的并列主語(yǔ)

①The twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. （×）

②The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. （√）

【解析】the twentieth lesson and last lesson是表示同一概念，譯為“第20課即最后一課”，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)。同學(xué)們?nèi)菀族e(cuò)誤理解“第20課和最后一課”，如果表示兩課，應(yīng)該表達(dá)為“the twentieth lesson and the last lesson”。

特別提醒由and連接的并列主語(yǔ)表示同一概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，表示不同的概念時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

3. 就近原則

①Neither you nor he have been to Beijing. （×）

②Neither you nor he has been to Beijing. （√）

【解析】neither . . . nor連接的并列主語(yǔ)（you , he）雖然表示兩個(gè)人，但根據(jù)語(yǔ)言規(guī)則，當(dāng)它連接并列主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)就近原則，該由he決定，因此第②句正確。

特別提醒類似的還有either . . . or, not only . . . but also, not . . . but, 以及there be之后的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的確定都根據(jù)“就近原則”。

4. this kind of, a piece of, this pair of等短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)

①This pair of trousers are very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. （×）

②This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. （√）

【解析】trousers作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，但當(dāng)它被this pair of修飾時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由pair的單復(fù)數(shù)確定。因此第②句正確。

特別提醒this kind of, a piece of, a bag of, a box of等，這類短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由這些短語(yǔ)中的名詞決定，而與它們所修飾的名詞無(wú)關(guān)。

5. the rest of，half of等短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)

①Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. （×）

②Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. （√）

【解析】根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以判斷the rest of it中的it，指the work，而work是不可數(shù)名詞，因此第②句正確。

特別提醒a(bǔ)ll of, most of, half of, the rest of，以及a lot of, some, any+名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，要根據(jù)后面的名詞確定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。

6. 一句話提示

①合成不定代詞（如something，anybody等）作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；

②動(dòng)名詞、不定式、從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；

③a number of + 名詞（復(fù)）作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，the number of + 名詞（復(fù)）作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；

④none of . . . 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。

金題精練

根據(jù)句意，從所給出的選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案。

1. The news _____ very worth listening to.

A. beB. isC. areD. am

2. —_____ this pair of glasses yours?

—No. My glasses _____ on the desk.

A. Is, isB. Are, isC. Is, areD. Are, are

3. The old _____ taken good care of in China now.

A. wasB. are C. is D. were

4. Nobody except the twins ___ to Hongkong before.

A. have beenB. have gone

C. has been D. has gone

5. —What’s on the plate?

—There _____ some rice on it.

A. is B. are C. has D. have

6. Five years _____ since we met last.

A. have passedB. has past

C. has passed D. have pasted

7. Here _____ some flowers for you.

A. is B. are C. hasD. have

8. There __________ a number of teachers, but the number of women teachers ________ only thirty.

A. are, are B. are, is C. is, are D. is, is

9. Not only my uncle but also my parents _______ I am right.

A. think B. thank C. thinks D. are thinking

10. Doing morning exercises _____ good for our health.

A. beB. are C. isD. am

11. Everyone likes people who _____ ready to help others.

A. isB. areC. beingD. was

12. The Smith family _____ making dumplings in the kitchen.

A. isB. are C. has beenD. can

13. One third of the population in our city ______ farmers in the past.

A. are B. wereC. isD. was

14. The headmaster and the teacher ______ coming to us now.

A. areB. is C. willD. am

15. Tom as well as his friends _____ skating every Saturday.

A. are B. isC. goD. goes

（Keys： 1. B2. C3. B4. C5. A6. C7. B8. B9. A10. C11. B12. B13. B14. A15. D）