閱讀理解題是中考英語的測試重點,也是中考英語試題中卷面分值最高的一種題型。它主要考查同學(xué)們通過閱讀獲取信息、分析信息和處理信息的能力?梢哉f,沒有足夠的語言基礎(chǔ)知識和一定的閱讀技巧是很難做好這類題的。那么,做閱讀理解題時,同學(xué)們常犯什么錯誤呢?這些錯誤應(yīng)該怎樣避免?下面就以2008年中考試題為例,把同學(xué)們在做閱讀理解過程中易犯錯誤進行歸類分析,以便幫助同學(xué)們及時把這些錯誤一網(wǎng)打盡!
一、信息錯位,表里不一
易錯點掃描
1. 閱讀文章時信息錯位。
2. 把題目考查的內(nèi)容與文章的信息對應(yīng)時出錯,也就是關(guān)鍵句的確認失誤。
范例剖析
【例題】 (2008年福建福州)Beijing-Shanghai Railway was completed in 1968. ……
Since opening, it has been one of the busiest routes in our country. The Beijing-Shanghai Route is now served by 10 trains a day, five of which are non-stop. The journey time is just under 12 hours. Now trains are allowed to travel at 250 kph (kilometers per hour) and the journey time is only 10 hours.
文中的第三題:When the Beijing-Shang train runs at 250 kph, the passengers speed _______ on the train.
A. ten hours B. twelve hours C. one day D. two days
【典型錯誤】 此題有的同學(xué)很容易誤選B。這是由于沒有細心閱讀文章第二段造成的。
【錯因分析】 這道題屬于直觀性問題。出題者直接引用原文中的語句或根據(jù)原句稍加改動而編成。選B的同學(xué)只看到了 “The journey time is just under 12 hours”,其實這是就北京-上海鐵路線上的總體情況而言的,在下句說得很明白:“Now trains are allowed to travel at 250 kph (kilometers per hour) and the journey time is only 10 hours”,也就是說全程也就只需要10小時了。
【正確答案】 A。
【歸納拓展】這篇文章是有關(guān)火車大提速的新聞,與時事、新聞有關(guān),所以在學(xué)習(xí)之余,同學(xué)們要多關(guān)注時事,經(jīng)常瀏覽報紙、雜志和電視等媒體上的新聞,將對我們的學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生很大幫助。
二、無據(jù)推理,張冠李戴
易錯點掃描
1.做題時,所作的推理在文章中找不到相應(yīng)的依據(jù)。
2.在文章中找相應(yīng)的依據(jù)時出現(xiàn)張冠李戴的情況。
范例剖析
【例題】 (2008年安徽)“Sorry! Maybe I was too hard on you just now.” said the man, “Here’s $10.”
“Oh, thank you, Daddy!” he said happily. Then, the boy took out some coins. When the father found that the boy already had money, he got angry again.
“Why do you want more money since you already have some?” the father shouted angrily.“Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do.” the little boy replied, “Daddy, I have $20 now. Can I buy an hour of your time? Please come home early tomorrow. I would like to have dinner with you.”
文章第一題:From the passage, we can infer(推斷)that the boy’s father ______.
A. often played with his son
B. spent little time with his son
C. didn’t love his son at all
D. often came back home early
【典型錯誤】 此題同學(xué)們易誤選C,因為通過上面的he got angry again,the father shouted angrily等處可以看到這個父親對孩子很嚴厲,因此就誤認為父親不愛兒子。
【錯因分析】 出現(xiàn)錯誤的原因是同學(xué)們沒能理解文章的主旨,僅僅根據(jù)父親對于兒子生氣的描寫就錯誤地作出推斷,認為父親不愛兒子。
【正確答案】 B。根據(jù)文章最后一句可知,父親是回家晚,待在家的時間短,所以選擇B項。
【歸納拓展】 同學(xué)們在做這類題時絕不能粗心,更不能憑空想象,要結(jié)合文章的主旨大意,從已知到未知,作出合理的推測。平時練習(xí)時,要注意不僅要理解文章的細節(jié),更要理解文章的主旨,這樣,才可以作出正確的推理判斷。
三、僅憑印象,胡亂猜詞
易錯點掃描
1. 對于生詞,拋棄上下文,僅僅根據(jù)自己的印象來猜測詞義。
2. 沒能掌握關(guān)鍵性詞語的意思,在判斷生詞意思的時候出錯。
范例剖析
【例題】 (2008安徽)“Daddy, could you lend me $10?”
The father was furious, “If you asked for the money to buy a toy or some other rubbish, then go straight to your room and think about why you are being so selfish(自私的)!”…
Then, the boy took out some coins. When the father found that the boy already had money, he got angry again.
文章第二題:In this passage, the underlined word “furious” means ______.
A. very angry B. quite happy
C. too excited D. a little nervous
【典型錯誤】 有些同學(xué)根據(jù)furious后father的話進行判斷,可能得出的結(jié)論是 a little nervous或者too excited等,因而錯選C、D項。
【錯因分析】 造成這種錯誤的原因是同學(xué)們遇到生詞后,不能從上下文來正確判斷,而且沒有掌握關(guān)鍵性詞語的含義(如he got angry again)。
【正確答案】 B。根據(jù)下文敘述的he got angry again可知,之前這個男孩的父親是已經(jīng)生過氣了,再結(jié)合上下文,就可以確定答案為B。
【歸納拓展】 對于詞匯題目,一定要根據(jù)上下文去確定詞義,切忌望文生義。在出現(xiàn)這種題目時,其下文往往有相應(yīng)的解釋:有的以破折號引出,有的以in other words等短語引出,有的以該詞的反義形式進行說明,但無論哪種形式,在原文中都會有相應(yīng)提示,解題時要多注意總結(jié)歸納。
四、無視主題,以點帶面
易錯點掃描
1. 閱讀時,沒能掌握文章的主題或忽視了主題。
2. 做題時,只知其一,不知其二
范例剖析
【例題】 (2008年重慶)Jack Brown, an office worker, lives in Washington. He inherited (繼承)a million dollars when he was 23, but he wasn’t happy at all. …… He gave ﹩10,000 of his money to a charity (慈善機構(gòu)) to help poor children live a better life. Today he is 36. He still wears cheap shoes and clothes and drives a small car only, but he is very happy.……
文章最后一題:What’s the main idea of the story?
A. Help others, and you will feel happy.
B. It’s necessary to write letters to poor children.
C. Live a simple life, and you can give others help.
D. It’s the most important to help the children in Africa.
【典型錯誤】 B、C、D
【錯因分析】 閱讀時不能緊緊抓住文章主題,或者沒有把握住作者寫作此文的真正意圖,只記住了一些零星事實而偏離了主旨軌道。本題的B、C、D都涉及了窮苦的孩子或者幫助別人的話題,但是都是片面理解文章之意。
【正確答案】 A。
【歸納拓展】 對這類文章主題思想歸納題,同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意揣摩作者的寫作意圖以及文章的主旨,切忌片面、狹隘引申或簡單重述文中某些內(nèi)容,從而避免其他干擾項的影響。
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閱讀理解易錯點撥
1.如何獲取段落的主旨和大意
獲取段落主旨和大意,最有效的辦法是找出主題句。主題句一般具有三個特點:
(1)表述的意思比較概括,相對其他主句來看,這種概括性更為明顯。
(2)句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單,多數(shù)都不會采用長、難句的形式。
(3)段落中其他的句子必定是用來解釋支撐主題句所表述的主題思想。
2. 如何根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義
猜測詞義也是一種英語閱讀能力。英語閱讀試題中有不少這樣的題目。猜測詞義時,我們可以從三個方面來考慮:(1)根據(jù)上下文已知部分進行邏輯性推理;(2)運用語法知識進行語法分析;(3)依靠常識和經(jīng)驗做出判斷。
根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義的方法有下列幾種:
①根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測詞義。如:A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases. One is “to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”…Now when someone lets out a secret, he “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag”.
短文后面有這樣一個閱讀理解題:John “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag”means he _______.
A. makes everyone know a secret.
B. makes a woman buy a cat.
C. buys a cat in the bag.
D. sells the cat in the bag.
在這篇文章里,“l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag”雖然是一個新出現(xiàn)的短語,但緊接著后面就給出解釋It is the same as “to tell a secret”,根據(jù)這一解釋,我們就可以判斷出正確答案應(yīng)為A。
②根據(jù)并列、同位關(guān)系猜測詞義。
例如:In the northeast of the United States, summer temperatures are very different from winter temperatures. Summer is usually hot, and winter is usually cold. Spring temperatures are warm, and fall temperatures are cool.
文后有這樣一道閱讀理解題:The word “fall” in this passage means ______.
A. drop B. down C. autumn D. spring
盡管fall一詞,課本里沒有出現(xiàn)過,但根據(jù)文中的并列關(guān)系,文中出現(xiàn)了夏季、冬季和春季,我們就可以猜出fall 就是autumn.
除了前面提到的方法外,還可以根據(jù)同義、反義、因果關(guān)系猜測詞義。