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找出它們之間的不同冠詞的用法.
現(xiàn)以冠詞為例:
1.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost just now.
A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the
2.There‘s ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a
3.There is ___ 800-metre-long road behind ___ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the
4._______ good,kind girl she is! A.How B.What a C.What D.How a
5.________ bad weather!I hope it won‘t last long. A.How B.What C.What a D.How a
6._______ they are listening to the teacher!
A.How careful B.What careful C.How carefully D.What carefully
由上例題我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)冠詞和感嘆句是必考內(nèi)容。同樣,象賓語從句的語序、代詞的格、主謂語一致、動詞和介詞的搭配、近義詞的比較以及習(xí)慣表達法和情態(tài)動詞的使用等,無一不在考查之列。 所有這一切語言基礎(chǔ)知識,我都將通過對典型試題的解題分析,展開討論,分層展示難易對比,系統(tǒng)歸納。 對于語言基礎(chǔ)知識是這樣處理,那么對以能力測試為主要目的的中考其他試題形式又該怎么辦呢? 這里我們以一篇完形填空題為例:
A poor farmer had never left his small village.After he(1) a lot of money,he decided to spend a holiday in an expensive hotel(旅館)in a bigtown.(2)lunch time came on his first day there,he went to eat in the restaurant(餐館)of the hotel(3) his new clothes.The head waiter(服務(wù)員)(4)him to the table,took his order and went away.When he turned and (5)the farmer again,he had a (6)!The farmer had tied(系)his table cloth round his (7).
The head waiter told another waiter to go to the farmer and (8) him that people (9) do such a thing in his restaurant.So the waiter went tothe farmer and said in a (10) voice(聲音),"Good morning,sir.Would you like a haircut?"
1.A.lent B.made C.paid D.gave
2.A.During B.Though C.When D.Because
3.A.for B.with C.on D.in 4.A.wanted B.put C.showed D.brought
5.A.looked at B.watched C.saw D.found 6.A.look B.rest C.table cloth D.surprise
7.A.arm B.neck C.hand D.head 8.A.ask B.tell C.taught D.told
9.A.can‘t B.don‘t C.won‘t D.mustn‘t 10.A.friendly B.tired C.sad D.ter
要求考生從所給的選項中選出正確答案,使補足后的短文意思通順,結(jié)構(gòu)完整。對此,考生必須通篇考慮,不能拿來就做,那樣必然顧此失彼,前后意思不得連貫。目前的中考完型還側(cè)重于語法,這將在逐年試題的變革中轉(zhuǎn)向按上下文的要求來推斷理解。
在解這類題時,必須掌握"詞感現(xiàn)象",注意學(xué)會區(qū)分"干擾項"。所謂詞感,"the sense of word"是指一種對詞或詞群的感受能力。對詞的感受力強,在解題時會較為容易地找到它與情景的關(guān)系。詞感并不僅僅指詞與詞之間的細微差異,也并不注重詞的搭配與組合,它較多地強調(diào)選用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~,以利于對情景作出合乎邏輯的判斷。同時也就把其它三個作為干擾項的選擇項排除掉了。最后復(fù)讀一篇全文,就會語感流暢,句意明確。
這兒舉例的目的是想說明,我從一個較高的立意來對中考題型,特別是完形、閱讀等,進行分析、探討,借以使同學(xué)們獲得較為完整的解題思路和解題方法。
詞匯(一)
這一講里,主要幫助同學(xué)們掌握名詞、冠詞、數(shù)詞的用法,特別是針對同學(xué)不易掌握的方面。
一、名詞 關(guān)于名詞,我們必須掌握名詞的數(shù),名詞的格。
單數(shù)可用a、an來修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),在元音發(fā)音開頭的單詞前用an,而不是a
1.復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法:(1)一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s,如:dog--dogs。
(2)以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞加es,如:watch--watches。
(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加es, 如:country--countries。
請區(qū)別:如果是元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,則只須加s。 如:monkey--monkeys。
(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,只有potato(土豆),tomato(西紅柿)加es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。
(5)以f、fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f、fe為v再加es, 如:knife--knives。
2.單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的詞:sheep--sheep,fish--fish Chinese--Chinese,Japanese--Japanese
3.特殊變化的單詞有:(1)tooth--teeth,foot--feeth
(2)man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen
請區(qū)別:German(德國人)-Germans (3)child-children
4.常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(褲子) glasses(眼鏡) ,這些名詞作主語時,同學(xué)們應(yīng)特別注意它們的謂語,用復(fù)數(shù)。 如:My clothes are (be) newer than yours.
5.有些名詞看似復(fù)數(shù)形式,實際上是單數(shù)。這一點是同學(xué)不易掌握的,應(yīng)特別加以記憶。如:news(消息),maths(數(shù)學(xué)),physics(物理) No news is good news.
6.可用how many,many,a few,few,a lot of,lots of,some,any等來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 How many are there in your pencil-box?(knife)
不可數(shù)名詞:1.常見的不可數(shù)名詞有:water,rice,fish,meat,等。應(yīng)特別記medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.
2.不可數(shù)名詞無復(fù)數(shù),作主語時�？闯蓡螖�(shù)。如:Some bread__________over there.(be)
3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等來修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
4.常用a piece of,a cup of等來表示不可數(shù)名詞的量。如要表達"兩片面包"這樣的意義,bread仍為不可數(shù)名詞,不加s,而piece則可加s。即:twopiecesof bread
請區(qū)別:可數(shù)名詞也可用量來表示, 如:三箱蘋果three boxes of apples
例: 1、These two pieces of bread __________over there.(be)
2、Could I have three ___________,please?
A.piece of bread B.piece of breads C.pieces of bread D.pieces of breads
名詞的格 名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法,在名詞后加" ‘s"。如:Tom→Tom‘s譯為"…的",若遇上以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則在s后加" ‘"即可。如:Teachers‘Day , twoweeks‘holiday,而不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格,仍按慣例加‘s 。如:Children‘s Day
關(guān)于名詞所有格,應(yīng)掌握以下幾點:
1.可用名詞所有格表示地點。 如:my aunt‘s 我姑姑家。 go to the doctor‘s 去醫(yī)生家。
2.表示兩人共同擁有,在最后一個名詞后加‘s 如:Lucy and Lily‘s 露西和莉莉的
3.掌握詞組:a girl of five 一個五歲的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一個朋友
eg;The white shirt is and blue one is . A、Kate,my B.Kate‘s,mine C.Kate,mine D.Kate‘s,my
二、冠詞
冠詞是詞匯中的基礎(chǔ)的,也是簡單的部分,所以同學(xué)們有必要掌握其基本用法,歸納起來,同學(xué)們應(yīng)該掌握以下幾點: 1.冠詞指不定冠詞a,an和定冠詞the
2.不定冠詞an常用于元音發(fā)音開頭的詞前,如:an hour,an English car. 請區(qū)別:a useful machine
3.指上文提到過的人或物,用定冠詞the
4.在世界上獨一無二的事物前用定冠詞the.如:the sun,the moon,the earth
5.定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞前,表示方位的名詞和形容詞最高級前。如:the first,the best ,in the south
6.在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the,表示××一家人,�？闯蓮�(fù)數(shù)。
如:The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
7.在介詞短語中常用定冠詞the,如:in the box ,behind the chair
8.特別注意不能用定冠詞the的幾個方面:
(1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如:in summer,in August
請區(qū)別:in the spring of 1945. (這里表示特指,故加the)
(2)一日三餐和球類運動名不用冠詞。 如:have breakfast ,play football
(3)一些固定詞組中,如:go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.
9.在有些詞組中,有冠詞和無冠詞意思不同,請注意區(qū)別:
in front of 在…前面 in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里
in the front of 在…范圍內(nèi)的前部 in hospital (生病)住院
練習(xí):There‘s _________800-metre-long road behind _________hospital.
A.an,an B.a, a C.an, the D.a, the
三、數(shù)詞
同學(xué)們首先應(yīng)會讀會寫所有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞,以及與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點表達法。對數(shù)詞的考查,中考常采用單選題及聽力題,這些題型歸納起來,應(yīng)掌握以下幾點特別容易出錯的地方。
1.基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞。其規(guī)律為:
1,2,3特殊記,加th從4起 (first,second,third,fourth)
8少t,9去e,千萬別忘記 (eighth,ninth) 逢5逢12,ve變f (fifth,twelfth)
20到90,y要變ie (twentieth,ninetieth) 若是幾十幾,前基后序別倒位 (ninety-first)
2.hundred,thousand,million 在構(gòu)成具體的數(shù)字時用單數(shù)形式。 如:five hundred people. 只有在表達籠統(tǒng)的多數(shù)時才加s,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式。
hundreds of 數(shù)以百計的,成百上千的 thousands of 數(shù)以千計的,成千上萬的
millions of 數(shù)百萬的 這些詞組前不能用具體數(shù)字。
3.序數(shù)詞常與定冠詞the 連用。
練習(xí):①Henry has learned eight _________ French words this year.
A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of
�、赥he _________lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)
另外,同學(xué)們還應(yīng)掌握與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點表達法。
順讀法(鐘點+分鐘) 如:4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five
4:15 four fifteen 倒讀法(分鐘+to/past+鐘點) 如:4:30 half past four
4:15 fifteen past four/a quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to five/a quarter to five
練習(xí)題 :
1.At the beginning of the_____(twenty) century,the world‘s population was about 1700 million.
2.Are these_____(watch)yours? Yes.
3.You don‘t look well.You‘d better go to the______(doctor) at once.
4.Would you give me________,please?
A.two papers B.two piece of paper C.two pieces of paper D.two pieces of papers
5.There are three_____and seven____in the picture.
A.monkeys,sheeps B.monkeys,sheep C.monkies,sheep D.monkies,sheeps
6.A lot of____are talking with two_______.
A.Germans,Frenchmans B.Germen,Frenchmans C.German, Frenchmen D.Germans,Frenchmen
7.June 1 is __. A.the Children‘s Day B.the Childrens‘ Day C.Children‘s Day D.Childrens‘ Day
8.__________people went out to see what had happened.
A.Thousands of B.Three thousand ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands
9.We have been in the school for______.
A.three and a half month B.three and a half months
C.three month and a half D.three months and half
10.__________English is___________ useful language. A.A, an B./, a C.The, an D. A, /
11.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost just now.
A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the
12.There‘s ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a
13.There is ________ 800-metre-long road behind _________ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the
四.代詞
�、偃朔Q代詞: 主格: 單數(shù)I 、you 、he 、she 、it 復(fù)數(shù) we 、you 、they
賓格: 單數(shù)me 、you 、him 、her 、it 復(fù)數(shù)us 、you 、them
�、莆镏鞔~: 形容詞性 my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their
名詞性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs
�、鄯瓷泶~: myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves
1.形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能作定語,相當(dāng)于一個形容詞,名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語、主語和賓語,相當(dāng)于一個名詞。
2.注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關(guān)系,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。
如:⑴These books aren‘t ours. Ours are new. (這里ours=our books)
⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (這里ours=our room)
3."of+名詞性物主代詞"表示所屬 如:a sister of his 他的一個妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一個朋友
4.人稱代詞在并列使用時的順序為:"第二人稱,第三人稱,第一人稱"。
如:You, she and I all enjoy the music.
5.關(guān)于反身代詞,同學(xué)們須掌握其固定結(jié)構(gòu):
enjoy oneself=have a good time (過得很愉快) by oneself=alone (單獨、獨自)
help oneself to… (隨便吃/喝 些...) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自學(xué))
練習(xí)題
1.-Whose trousers are these? -_____, I think.
A.They B.Their C.Theirs D.Them
2. Nobody taught___English. He taught____. A.him, himself B.his, himself C.him, by himself D.his, his
(二) 修飾可數(shù)名詞 many few 表否定意義 a few 表肯定意義
修飾不數(shù)名詞 much little 表否定意義 a little 表肯定意義 few 和 little 與 quite 或 only 連用時,常加不定冠詞 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.=
用little, a little, few, a few填空:
1.I often stay at home because I have _______ friends here.
2.Jim,don‘t go and get some water. There is ______ water in the glass.
3.Though he learned French only ________ weeks. He can speak very well.
4.Lily had _________ bread because she was hungry yesterday.
(三)不定代詞: something, anything, nothing.
當(dāng)形容詞修飾這三個不定代詞時,常后置。 如:something new
There‘s __________ in today‘s newspaper. 中考題
A.important anything B.important something C.anything important D.something important
(四)另外,還要注意代詞some, every, all, both, either, another
1.some(一些,某) 一般用于肯定句中 注:some有時也可用于表示請求的疑問句中。
any(任何) 多用于疑問句和否定句
�、� Will you give me some water? ② Would you like some meat?
③ May I ask some questions? ④ Could I have some apples?
2.every+單數(shù)名詞 "每一個" 強調(diào)共性,作定語,形式上為單數(shù)。
each "每一個" 強調(diào)個性,作定語、主語、賓語和同位語,常與of連用。
如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt.
Every child likes playing games.
3.all "(全部)都" 表示三者或三者以上,作同位語時,一般放在連系、助動詞之后,行為動詞之前。
none "沒有"表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介詞of
如: We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.
None of us is/are afraid of dogs.(單、復(fù)數(shù)均可)
4.both "(兩者)都" ,作主語時,看作復(fù)數(shù);作定語時,后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。
either "兩者中任何一個" ,作主語時,謂語用第三人稱單數(shù);作定語時,后跟名詞單數(shù)。
neither "(兩者)都不",含有否定意義,用法同either。
如:①They both swim well. =Both of them swim well.
�、赥here are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.
�、跱either of us is going to Beijing next week.
�、躈either answer is right.
5. another +單數(shù)名詞, "另一個"
one … the other "一個……,另一個……"
the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 = the others "其他的人或物" (指確定范圍內(nèi)剩下的全部) others "別人"
(五)疑問代詞 5個"wh", 即who, whose, whom, what, which
這里,which是同學(xué)們不易掌握的內(nèi)容,其實,同學(xué)們只須記住,對作定語的內(nèi)容提問,常用which.
例如: I like the red shirt. ___________ ___________ do you like ?
