2014中考英語備考資料：語法要點(diǎn)之部分名詞用法

　　63.do with 與deal with: 都譯為“處理，對(duì)付，安排，應(yīng)付”

　　What have you done with the milk? 用what提問。

　　How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提問。

　　下面兩句由此而來：Could you tell me what to do with the milk?

　　Could you tell me how to deal with this problem?

　　64.就近原則：常見的有：Either you or Lucy is wrong.

　　There is a dog and two cats in the yard. (there be句型)

　　Not only you but (also) I am strict in the work.

　　Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before.

　　65.主謂一致：One / Neither of you is right. (單數(shù)謂語)

　　Tom, with his friends, has gone. (主語是Tom, 單數(shù)謂語)

　　This pair of shoes looks beautiful. (主語是pair, 謂語用單數(shù))

　　The shoes look beautiful. (此句主語無pair, 謂語用復(fù)數(shù))

　　Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it. (此結(jié)構(gòu)中用單數(shù)謂語)

　　The old need to be looked after carefully. The young are energetic.

　　(the 加形容詞表一類人或物，謂語用復(fù)數(shù))

　　Mr. and Mrs. Green are from America. 指格林夫婦 (復(fù)數(shù)謂語)

　　The teacher and writer is an able man. 指教師兼作家, 一個(gè)人，單數(shù)謂語。

　　Both you and I are excited about the news. (both…..and …做主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù))

　　the number of與a number of參見39. (分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)見50, 其它見74之5)

　　66.quite / such / really用法之一：如果出現(xiàn)不定冠詞時(shí)，不定冠詞常放在后面。

　　It’s quite an easy question. He is quite a clever boy.

　　It’s such an important lesson.(另見33) Lily is really a lazy girl.

　　67.部分用what 提問的句型：

　　What size do you want? 你想要多大尺寸的?

　　What will you do with the problem? 你將怎樣處理這個(gè)問題?

　　What’s the population of China? 中國的人口是多少?

　　What day is it today?今天星期幾? What’s the date today? 今天幾月幾號(hào)?

　　What’s the price of this one? 這個(gè)價(jià)錢是多少?

　　What’s your address? 你的地址是什么?

　　—19—

　　What’s your phone number? 你的電話號(hào)碼是多少?

　　68.there be部分用法：●there be 后跟的是名詞。如：There will be rain tomorrow.

　　此處名詞rain不能用rainy, raining等形式。

　　●常有以下結(jié)構(gòu): there may / will / must / is going to / used to /…be. …

　　●there be中不可再出現(xiàn)have / has / had (譯為“有”) 的詞。

　　●there be 后接的是表示泛指的名詞，即不加the. There is a dog under the desk.

　　There is no water in the bottle. There are some books on the shelf.

　　●There is only a student taking notes now. (劃線部分邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞加ing)

　　There is no need to open the box. There are 20 trees to be planted. There is nothing to do.

　　(劃線部分邏輯上不是主謂關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞常用帶to 不定式。)

　　●反意疑問句用法見45。

　　69.常見表否定的詞或短語:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere, never等.(但前綴如dis--, un--, in--, im--, mis--或后綴如—less等詞并不表否定。)

　　有些詞或短語有時(shí)在某些句型中也相當(dāng)于否定，如without, too…to…

　　without anything, too tired to go any further

　　70.常見后接動(dòng)詞原形的詞或短語: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，等等。 (have“使、讓”，可接動(dòng)詞原形，其它用法，另見36)

　　【注意否定形式： had better / would you please / let直接加not + 動(dòng)原;

　　而please加don’t + 動(dòng)原】

　　71.常見后接動(dòng)詞ing的詞或短語：finish / enjoy / practice / give up / end up / put off / consider / keep / feel like / prefer…to…/ can’t help(禁不住) / be busy / be worth(值得) / take turns(輪流) / miss(錯(cuò)過) / spend / have fun / 介詞等。

　　72.常見后接帶to不定式的詞或短語：want / hope / wish / allow / encourage(鼓勵(lì))/ ask / tell / pretend(假裝) / decide / plan / invite / urge / advise / warn / seem / in order (為了) 等等。

　　疑問詞后也可跟帶to不定式, 如how to do it。 it作形式主語，后也常有帶to不定式。

　　【否定形式：以上大多詞 + not + to do sth】

　　73.被動(dòng)語態(tài) (be + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞) 用法：1主動(dòng)語態(tài)為下列情況時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的變化：

　　一般情況：I saw the accident . →The accident was seen by me.

　　We often do homework at night. →Homework is often done at night.

　　雙賓情況:He told us a story.→We were told a story.(無to)→A story was told to us.(有to)

　　She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.(無to)→A pen was passed to me. (有to)

　　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:We can make a plan. →A plan can be made.

　　—20—

　　進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom. (be being done)

　　完成時(shí)態(tài)：I have finished the work. →The work has been finished. (have been done)

　　被動(dòng)語態(tài)其它用法分別見6和36.

　　2被動(dòng)語態(tài)常跟的介詞：(以下面短語為例)

　　be made in + 地點(diǎn) These watches are made in Shanghai.

　　be made of + 眼睛可以看出的原材料 This desk is made of wood. (仍能看出木頭)

　　be made from +眼睛看不出的原材料 The paper is made from wood. (看不出木頭)

　　be used for + 目的 English is often used for business. (用于商業(yè)目的)

　　This machine is used for cutting things. (用于切割東西)

　　be used as …被用來當(dāng)作…… English is used as a foreign language in China.

　　be made by + 人 The model ship was made by Lily.

　　be filled with / be covered with是固定短語，分別譯為“被充滿了…”和“被覆蓋著…”

　　The room is filled with smoke. This bag is filled with rice.

　　The ground is covered with snow. The hill is covered with trees.

　　74.名詞或所屬格作定語：1強(qiáng)調(diào)性別時(shí)a man doctor / two men doctors ;

　　a woman teacher / six women teachers a man cleaner / some men cleaners

　　被修飾詞是單數(shù)時(shí)，性別也用單數(shù);被修飾詞是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，性別也用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players

　　a bus station / some bus stations 復(fù)數(shù)只變被修飾的詞, 定語不再變復(fù)數(shù)。

　　3a boys’ team / a gentlemen’s holiday / Teachers’ Day / Children’s Day / Nurses’ Day……

　　“復(fù)數(shù) + ’s ” 作定語，譯為“…的…”

　　4Father’s Day / Mother’s Day 此處“單數(shù) + ’s ”作定語。

　　5and連接的名詞所屬格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers. 分別是兩個(gè)人的爸爸，所以應(yīng)分別加 ’s，做主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。而下一句： Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting. 兩人共有的爸爸，兩人后只加一個(gè) ’s. 做主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)。

　　75.win與beat區(qū)別：都有“贏”的意思。 win后加物：I’m sure Jim will win the match.

　　We won the first place in the sports meeting. 我們贏了第一名。

　　而beat后加的是人，也可譯為“打敗”：I’m afraid they will beat us.

　　I hope we can beat the boys’ team. (男子隊(duì)，相當(dāng)于人。)

　　76.it / that / this / one當(dāng)代詞時(shí)的部分用法：1it 指上文的某個(gè)事物，和上文是同一個(gè)。

　　This book is very useful. I will take good care of it. it也可指上文所說的事：

　　My son has lost himself in the computer games. I’m worried about it.

　　in a hurry(匆忙), in pen / ink(用鋼筆 / 墨水) (見105), in style(時(shí)新的)

　　in the day(在白天)(見92), in different sizes(以不同的大小), in red(穿著紅衣服)in different shapes(以不同的形狀) in a difficult situation(在困難情況下)

　　in good health(身體健康) in a red coat(穿著紅外套)(見46), in English(用英語)

　　in the way(擋道) in a low voice(用低的聲音) in order to(為了，后接動(dòng)詞原形)

　　59.比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)部分要點(diǎn)：1不規(guī)則形式或易錯(cuò)形式：

　　much / many→more→most bad / badly / ill→worse→worst

　　far→farther / further→farthest / furthest little→less→least

　　few→fewer→fewest old→older / elder→oldest / eldest

　　2常見比較級(jí)/最高級(jí)句型：He runs faster than me. (有than, 用比較級(jí))

　　He did better than any other student in the school. (用比較級(jí)。另見48的other用法，)

　　—16—

　　Tom is the cleverest boy in his class. (某個(gè)范圍內(nèi)，用最高級(jí))

　　He is the taller of the two (boys). (兩者，用比較級(jí)。)

　　(注意：此句型中比較級(jí)前加the。而一般情況下比較級(jí)前不加the.最高級(jí)前才加the.)

　　He is the tallest of the three (boys) / of all. He jumped (the) farthest of the four.

　　(以上兩句都指三者或更多，用最高級(jí)。前句因the在形容詞最高級(jí)前，不可省略;而后句因the在副詞前， 可以省略。)

　　Which is better, tea or milk? (兩者選擇，用比較級(jí)。)

　　Which is the best, tea, milk or water? (三者或更多中選擇，用最高級(jí)。)

　　It’s the second longest river in China. (序數(shù)詞后的形容詞或副詞用最高級(jí)形式。)

　　3“越來越…”結(jié)構(gòu)：“比較級(jí) + and + 比較級(jí)”

　　He cried harder and harder. 他哭得越來越厲害了。 She is getting taller and taller.

　　類似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter

　　/ stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse…

　　多音節(jié)詞或部分雙音節(jié)詞：more and more beautiful / slowly / carefully / interesting…

　　4“越…, 越…” “the+比較級(jí)”分別置于兩句的開頭，作為倒裝成份。

　　The more difficult English is, the harder you should study.英語越困難，你就要越努力。

　　The younger we are, the more energy we have. 我們?cè)侥贻p，我們就越有活力。

　　The more you eat, the fatter you will get.你吃得越多，你就變得越胖。

　　5“越來越多的…”more and more + 名詞 (既有可數(shù)名詞，也有不可數(shù)名詞。)

　　More and more people are getting richer and richer.

　　We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water …. (與3所接形 / 副不同)

　　6“…得多”much + 形容詞 / 副詞比較級(jí)

　　This room is much bigger than that one.

　　類似：much taller / fatter / younger / heavier / faster / earlier / better…

　　注意多音節(jié)詞或部分雙音節(jié)詞：much more careful / difficult / tiring / mysterious…

　　7“另外的…(個(gè)) …”結(jié)構(gòu)：數(shù)量 + more + 名詞，如two more students“另兩個(gè)學(xué)生”

　　以下類似：one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles, much more truth,

　　some more meat, a lot more wood, a little more experience,

　　once more = one more time = again. 上述結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也可用another + 數(shù)字 + 名詞替代：

　　five more trees = another five trees (記住詞的位置) (另見48， another)

　　60.talk, tell, say, speak: 1talk只作不及物動(dòng)詞。

　　Don’t talk in class. Shall we talk about our English study? 　3in his / a car (car前用in) 4on foot

　　5動(dòng)詞短語: ride a bike / a horse; drive a car; walk; take a plane / taxi / bus; fly等。

　　90.kind of 與kinds of: 1kind of 單獨(dú)用，表示“有點(diǎn)”，后接形容詞或副詞：

　　He is kind of thin.”他有點(diǎn)瘦” I feel kind of hungry.”我有點(diǎn)餓”

　　Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly. 王叔叔說得有點(diǎn)快。

　　2若kind of前有a, this, that, what等，譯為“種，種類” 后加名詞。

　　That kind of question is difficult to answer. 那類問題難回答。

　　What kind of sport do you like best? 你最喜歡何種運(yùn)動(dòng)?

　　3熟記一些短語：all kinds of...“各種各樣的...” many kinds of“很多種類的”

　　different kinds of“不同種類的” 后都加名詞。

　　91.rain / snow / wind的常見修飾詞：a strong wind“一陣強(qiáng)風(fēng)” a heavy rain

　　“一場大雨” heavy snow“大雪” (以上修飾詞與后面名詞組成了名詞短語)

　　blow hard“猛烈地吹” snow heavily“下大雪” rain hard / heavily“下大雨”

　　(以上修飾詞與前面動(dòng)詞組成了動(dòng)詞短語)

　　92.day的部分用法：1in eight days“8天后” (in + 時(shí)間段 “….時(shí)間后”. )

　　2in the day / daytime“在白天” (前加“in”)

　　3on Teachers’ Day / May Day on Monday(表節(jié)日或星期幾，前用”on”. 另見110)

　　4(in) those / these days“在過去 / 現(xiàn)在”= in the old days (用”in”)

　　5today, next / last / this / that / every / all day等前面常不加介詞。

　　93.個(gè)別名詞的部分用法：1family“家庭;家庭成員”指整體時(shí)，表示單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;指成員時(shí)，表示復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式：

　　His family is going to move. My family is large. (以上指整體，謂語用單數(shù))

　　My family are very well.我全家人很健康。 (指成員，謂語用復(fù)數(shù))

　　類似的還有：staff(職員)，class, team, public(公眾)，government等.

　　2有些名詞只表復(fù)數(shù)，謂語只用復(fù)數(shù)。如people, police, cattle等：

　　The police are searching for a man with a big nose. The cattle have been killed .

　　3deer, fish，sheep等詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同： a deer (一只鹿) / two deer (兩只鹿)

　　a fish (一條魚) / two fish (兩條魚) a sheep (一只羊) / some sheep (一些羊)

　　另外fish若表示種類時(shí)，復(fù)數(shù)要在后加es: two fishes(兩種魚)

　　4有些名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)有特殊形式：

　　—25—

　　man→men; woman→women; foot→feet; tooth→teeth;

　　mouse→mice; child→children; ox→oxen (公牛)

　　5有些名詞通常只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 (左右對(duì)稱的)：

　　scissors (剪刀) clothes(衣服) trousers (褲子) glasses(眼鏡)

　　6有些名詞只是不可數(shù)名詞： It’s such great fun. What fun! What good news!

　　I won’t do anything in such bad weather. Can you tell me some information?

　　I like music which is popular. 類似：a piece of chalk much knowledge

　　94.leave的用法：1leave可指“離開”leave Zhengzhou離開鄭州

　　leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan離開鄭州到武漢

　　leave for Wuhan動(dòng)身到武漢 (for后接目的地，而不是出發(fā)地)

　　2leave留下;忘記 I left my backpack at home.

　　leave后接地點(diǎn)，而forget后無地點(diǎn)。如：Sorry, I forgot the money.

　　95. ill與sick的區(qū)別：1都可譯為“生病的”。ill只在系動(dòng)詞后作表語：

　　Her mother was ill in bed. She feels ill today.

　　但sick既可作表語： Her mother was sick / ill in bed. (作表語常是美國英語用法)

　　也可作定語(即后接名詞)：Jane is taking care of her sick mother.

　　(此處是定語，不可用ill. 原因見下文ill用法)

　　2若ill作定語，譯為“壞的，惡劣的”an ill person一個(gè)壞人

　　sick作表語時(shí)也常譯為“惡心的，想吐的”。

　　The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.

　　96.return用法：1“返回”，相當(dāng)于“go back / get back / come back..

　　如：Ann will visit you when he returns to London.

　　(當(dāng)“返回”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞，先加to才可再加地點(diǎn)。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.)

　　2“歸還”，相當(dāng)于“give back”如：I have returned the dictionary.

　　(當(dāng)“歸還”時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞，后直接加物，不加to. 同樣不可再跟back.)

　　You should return the piano to Dick on time. (后接有人時(shí)，方可加to)

　　97.favourite 與own的類似結(jié)構(gòu): 形容詞性物主代詞 + favorite + 名詞 “某人最喜歡的...”。同樣，形容詞性物主代詞 + own + 名詞“某人自己的...”

　　如：My favorite animal is dog. He found his own bike.

　　—26—

　　98.stop / start (begin) / forget (remember) / like / go on等動(dòng)詞：

　　1stop doing sth. 停止正在做的某事。He was tired, so he stopped working.

　　stop to do sth. 停下來做某事(stop后是將要做的事)。

　　He was tired, so he stopped to have a rest.

　　有時(shí)兩種形式會(huì)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)：He was tired, so he stopped working to have a rest.

　　2start / begin doing / to do 含義基本相同，但以下情況下start / begin后只接to do:

　　★若start / begin 已用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)：He is just beginning / starting to write the letter.

　　★主語是物而不是人時(shí)：The ice began / started to melt. 冰開始融化。

　　★其后的動(dòng)詞與想法、感情有關(guān)時(shí)：He began / started to understand it.

　　3forget / remember to do sth. 忘記 / 想起將要做的事。

　　forget / remember doing sth. 忘記 / 想起已經(jīng)做過的事。

　　4◆like doing sth. (因愛好而喜歡，表示一種習(xí)慣)

　　Jack likes sleeping in the class. (在班睡覺雖不是好事，杰克卻有這個(gè)愛好。表習(xí)慣。)

　　Jim doesn’t like helping others. (無助人的習(xí)慣或愛好)

　　◆like to do sth(因明智或正確而喜歡) She likes to help others. (助人正確，所以喜歡。)

　　I don’t like to play in the street. (在大街上玩不明智，故不喜歡)

　　大多情況下區(qū)別不明顯，接兩形式都可。He likes watching / to watch TV.

　　5go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做某事(上文所做的事) go on to do sth接下來做另一件事.

　　99.人稱代詞形式：

　　主格賓格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞反身代詞

　　作主語作賓語后要再接名詞后不再接名詞主賓一致

　　Imemy ( pen / house...)minemyself

　　you(你)youyour (bag / car...)yoursyourself

　　hehimhis (desk / coat...)hishimself

　　sheherher (hair / books...)hersherself

　　ititits (tail / face...)itsitself

　　weusour (teachers / room...)oursourselves

　　you(你們)youyour (class / city...)yoursyourselves

　　theythemtheir (school / seats...)theirsthemselves

　　(如果動(dòng)詞的施動(dòng)者，即主語，和動(dòng)詞或介詞后相應(yīng)的賓格代詞是相同的人或物時(shí)，

　　其賓格代詞要用反身代詞： I teach myself English. We solved the problems ourselves.

　　Lucy hurt herself by accident. You have to take care of yourself.)

　　100.基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞：基數(shù)詞表示人或物的數(shù)量。序數(shù)詞表示人或物的次序。注意以下幾種形式：one→first two→second three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth (thirty, forty, fifty…..都變y為i加 eth.)

　　另外，“四十”forty; 無字母u. “第九”ninth無字母e.

　　101.room / space / place: 1room“房間”(可數(shù))a room / two rooms

　　“空間”(不可數(shù))：指可以容納東西或?yàn)槠渌�目的而使用的空間。

　　Could you make room for me? 你能為我讓一下空間嗎?

　　Is there room for me in the car? 車?yán)镉形业奈蛔訂?

　　2space“空間”普通用語，表示萬物存在之處，與“時(shí)間”(time)為相對(duì)概念。

　　in the dark space在黑暗的宇宙空間(太空) time and space時(shí)間和空間

　　Is there any space for me in the car? 車?yán)镉薪o我留的空間嗎?(此處和room的含義相當(dāng))

　　3place“地方”(可數(shù))，指某一具體地點(diǎn)。

　　I want to live in a place which is warm in winter. 我想住在冬季溫暖的一個(gè)地方。

　　Mount Chaya is a wonderful place. 嵖岈山是一個(gè)奇妙之地。

　　102.常見國籍、人與語言的對(duì)應(yīng)：

　　1China“中國” Chinese(無復(fù)數(shù)形式)“中國人(的)/ 中文(的)/ 中國的”

　　a Chinese/ two Chinese“一個(gè) / 兩個(gè)中國人” Japan, Japanese 和此類似。

　　2England“英國(原義：英格蘭)” (= Britain)

　　English(無復(fù)數(shù)形式)“英國人(的)/ 英語(的)/ 英國的”

　　He is English.(前無冠詞)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠詞)“他是英國人”

　　注意復(fù)數(shù)：They are English. = They are Englishmen. (變?yōu)閙en)

　　3France“法國” French(無復(fù)數(shù)形式)“法國人(的) / 法語(的) / 法國的”

　　The lady is French. (前無冠詞)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠詞)

　　注意復(fù)數(shù)：The ladies are French. = The ladies are Frenchwomen.

　　4Germany“德國” German“德國人(的) / 德語(的) / 德國的”

　　The boy is a German. (前有冠詞) The boys are Germans.(復(fù)數(shù)加s.)

　　5America“美國” American“美國人(的)/ 美國的”

　　He is American.(前常無冠詞) They are Americans.(復(fù)數(shù)加s)

　　103.易寫錯(cuò)詞形:◆noise(名詞)“噪音”; noisy(形容詞); noisily(副詞)

　　—28—

　　◆health(名詞)“健康”; healthy(形容詞); healthily(副詞)

　　◆luck(名詞)“運(yùn)氣”; lucky(形容詞)“幸運(yùn)的”; luckily(副詞)

　　◆succeed(動(dòng)詞)“成功”; success(名詞); successful(形容詞); successfully(副詞)

　　◆save(動(dòng))“救”; safe(形)“安全的”; safety(名)“安全，安全場所”safely(副) “安全地”

　　◆true(形)“真的，對(duì)的”; truly(副)“真正地”; truth(名)“真理, 事實(shí)”

　　◆terrible(形容詞)“難受的，可怕的”; terribly(副詞)“可怕地”

　　104. job與work: 1job, 可數(shù)：I have a job as a teacher. Jobs are not easy to get.

　　2work, 不可數(shù)：I cannot find work in this town. Have you finished your work?

　　105.with和in表示“用”：1with用工具：write with a pen / a pencil / a piece of chalk

　　2in用寫字材料：write in ink / pen (材料前無冠詞)

　　106.時(shí)刻之表達(dá)：1分鐘未過半點(diǎn) 如7:20→seven twenty→twenty past seven;

　　2:02→two oh two→two past two 以上情況不可用帶to的表達(dá)，但可用past。

　　2分鐘已過半點(diǎn) 如5:45→five forty-five→a quarter to six→fifteen to six

　　1:58→one fifty-eight→two to two 以上情況不可用past, 但可用to.

　　3剛好半點(diǎn)，如9:30→nine thirty→half past nine

　　4剛好整點(diǎn)，如11:00→eleven o’clock 15:00→fifteen o’clock

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