2017年中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題詳解九:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
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專題十 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
一、 動(dòng)詞不定式
1、 構(gòu)成:動(dòng)詞不定式基本形式為: to+動(dòng)詞原形。有些動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。
否定形式為:not (to)+動(dòng)詞原形。
2、功能及用法:
(1)、用作主語(yǔ)
多數(shù)情況用it作形式主語(yǔ),把真正的主語(yǔ)——?jiǎng)釉~不定式置于句末,特別是不定式短語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)。動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如:
For him, to talk with his mother is necessary.=It is necessary for him to talk with his mother.
(2)、用作表語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ),常說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)、特征。?赊D(zhuǎn)換成主語(yǔ)。如:
The best way to improve your English is to join an English club.=To join an English club is the best way to improve your English.
(3)、用作賓語(yǔ)
★可以接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有:要求選擇同意(ask, choose, agree),期望決定學(xué)習(xí)(expect, hope, decide, learn),寧可拒絕假裝知道(prefer, refuse, pretend, know),希望想要愿意(wish, want/need, would like / love)等。如:
We decided to talk to some students.
He prefers to eat white bread and rice.
★動(dòng)詞decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell...后可用“疑問(wèn)詞+to的不定式短語(yǔ)”作賓語(yǔ),但why后面的不定式不帶to。如:
Could you please tell me where to park my car?
★動(dòng)詞feel, find, make, think等后面,可以用it作形式賓語(yǔ)代替真正的賓語(yǔ)—?jiǎng)釉~不定式,句子結(jié)構(gòu)是sb. feel / find / make / ...+ it+adj. / n.+to do...。如:
I find it difficult to remember everything.
★既可接動(dòng)詞不定式又可接v-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),意思差別不太大的動(dòng)詞有begin, start, like, love等。如:
Then I started to watch English-language TV.
I like to eat vegetables.
★后接動(dòng)詞不定式或v-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),意思差別較大的動(dòng)詞有forget, remember等。后接不定式作賓語(yǔ),表動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生;后接ving形式作賓語(yǔ),表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。stop to do停下來(lái)做另外一件事;stop doing停止做、不做當(dāng)前這件事。try to do盡力做,try doing試試看;go on to do接著做另外的事,go on doing繼續(xù)做原來(lái)的事。如:
When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.
I stopped using them last year.
(4)、用作定語(yǔ)
★句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),不定式與其所修飾的名詞、代詞等存在邏輯的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),用動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)式。如:
I have so much homework to do today.
It’s a good place to visit.
★作定語(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,且與所修飾的詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,要在不定式后加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如:
I need a room to live in.
(5)、用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
★在主、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里用帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有:要求允許提議(ask, allow, advise),期望邀請(qǐng)鼓勵(lì)(expect, suppose, invite, encourage),教導(dǎo)告訴想要(teach, tell, want),等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如:
She asked me not to speak Chinese in English class.
★下列動(dòng)詞,多數(shù)動(dòng)詞是感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí),在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里不帶to,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里要將省略的to補(bǔ)上。包括四“看”:look at, observe, see, watch,三“讓”:have, let, make,二“聽(tīng)”:hear, listen to,一“感覺(jué)”:feel,一“注意”:notice。如:
This picture makes me feel tense! I was made to say sorry to him.
★help后接動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),to可帶可不帶。如:
Using email English helps you write quickly.
★be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如:
He doesn’t seem to have many friends.
Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.
(6)、用作狀語(yǔ), 其邏輯主語(yǔ)要和句子的主語(yǔ)一致。
★目的狀語(yǔ),置于句首或句末,置于句首時(shí)常表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。如:
A group of young people came here to(in order to) discuss this question.
★原因狀語(yǔ),多見(jiàn)于“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如:
I’m sorry to trouble you. I’m glad to see you.
★結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),多見(jiàn)于“too...to”,“enough to...”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如:
Then I’m too tired to do well. What should I do?
The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.
★獨(dú)立動(dòng)詞不定式多用作插入語(yǔ),表示說(shuō)話人的心理狀態(tài)或?qū)κ虑榈目捶。如?/P>
To be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.
To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldn’t understand every word.
(7)、動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是“for / of sb. to do sth.”,for / of引出不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。
不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),需注意:
It’s + 形容詞 + for / of + sb + to do sth. for前面的形容詞是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等,一般說(shuō)明不定式動(dòng)作的特性,不說(shuō)明人的特性。如: It’s dangerous for children to swim in the river.
當(dāng)上面的形容詞指的是sb的性質(zhì)時(shí),用介詞of。這些形容詞往往修飾人:careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise,bad, polite, careless
如:It’s very nice of you to say so.
(8)、帶疑問(wèn)詞的不定式短語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式前面可以帶疑問(wèn)代詞what, which, who或疑問(wèn)副詞how, when, where, why等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)起名詞的作用,在句子里用作賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等,或者單獨(dú)使用。如:
I don’t know what to do next.
Where to go is not decided yet.
單獨(dú)使用時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句,在復(fù)合句中則可變?yōu)橐粋(gè)從句。
What to do next? =What will we / you do next?
Can you tell me how to do that?=Can you tell me how I should do that?
(9)、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式是not to do...,不帶to的不定式的否定式是not do...如:
Sometimes they decide not to talk to each other.
(10)常見(jiàn)的與不定式連用的詞組和句型。
Why not do…?=Why don’t you do …? had better (not) do …
would rather do … prefer to do rather than do
Could/Would/Will you please…? It takes sb +時(shí)間/金錢+ to do sth.
It’ s time to do… It’ s one’s turn to…
如: Why not take a holiday?
It takes me an hour to walk there.
二、 動(dòng)名詞
1、構(gòu)成: 動(dòng)詞原形+ing
2、功能及用法:
動(dòng)名詞除具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)外,還具有名詞的性質(zhì)。動(dòng)名詞在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等,但不能用作謂語(yǔ)。
(1).用作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:
Eating too much is bad for your health.
注意:動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常采用it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型。
It’s no use crying. 哭沒(méi)有什么用處。
(2).用作表語(yǔ),可轉(zhuǎn)換成主語(yǔ)。如:
Her favorite sport is skating. =Skating is her favorite sport.
注意:不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可用作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),區(qū)別是:動(dòng)名詞多指籠統(tǒng)的、抽象的概念,而不定式則多指具體的、一次性的動(dòng)作。
(3).用作賓語(yǔ),放在動(dòng)詞或介詞之后。如:
She likes singing and dancing.
Thank you for helping us.
(4).用作定語(yǔ),位于所修飾詞之前,表示所修飾的詞的用途、所屬關(guān)系等。如:
This is our reading room.
Betty won the first prize in the singing competition.
★英語(yǔ)中,某些動(dòng)詞(或形容詞)只能與ing形式即動(dòng)名詞連用。
一直忙于練習(xí),(keep, be busy,practice,)
想要繼續(xù)完成,(feel like, keep on, finish,)
習(xí)慣期待花費(fèi),(be used to, look forward to, spend)
介意考慮放棄,(mind, consider, give up)
禁不住麻煩怎么樣(can’t help, have trouble/problems (in), what/how about)
建議喜歡開心 (suggest , enjoy, have fun )
★還有一些結(jié)構(gòu):
do+some+doing 如: do some cooking/ shopping / cleaning/ washing/ reading/
go+doing 如: go shopping/ fishing / swimming/ skating/ boating/ hiking / sightseeing
no use (good) doing sth 做……沒(méi)用 如: It’s no good complaining.
without+dong sth 沒(méi)有做…… 如:. She kept sitting there without talking to anybody.
no+dong …禁止,不準(zhǔn) 如:No parking!
pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事 如: You must pay attention to protecting him。
put one’s effort into doing sth 全力以赴做某事
如:If you put your effort into learning English, you will improve it.
三、 分詞
考點(diǎn)聚焦
1、構(gòu)成:英語(yǔ)中的分詞有兩種:現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞由“動(dòng)詞+ing”構(gòu)成,表示正在進(jìn)行和主動(dòng)意義。過(guò)去分詞基本形式是“動(dòng)詞+ed”,表示已經(jīng)完成和被動(dòng)意義,但也有不規(guī)則形式。
2、功能及用法
(1).作定語(yǔ) 分詞可用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞,并和所修飾的詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。
前置定語(yǔ) 如: What exciting news it is!
后置定語(yǔ) 如: Do you know the girl sitting under the tree?
There comes a girl dressed in red.
(2).作表語(yǔ) 分詞作表語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于形容詞。現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)通常表示主語(yǔ)所具有的性質(zhì)或特征,含有“令人……的”意思。過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)所處的情形或狀態(tài),含有“某人感到……的”意思。如:
The story was very interesting . I was interested in the movie.
(3).作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)和現(xiàn)在分詞(主動(dòng)意義)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)和過(guò)去分詞 (被動(dòng)意義)有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
分詞通常用在see,hear, watch,notice,feel,find等感官動(dòng)詞或have,get,make等使役動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)之后,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過(guò)去分詞在動(dòng)詞have,get之后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),常常表示這動(dòng)作不是由主語(yǔ)完成的,而是由別人完成的。如:
I found the boy crying in the corner. (主謂關(guān)系,正在進(jìn)行)
I want to have my hair cut/ have my bike repaired/ get my ears pierced. (被動(dòng))
★現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)在意義上有所不同,F(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,即動(dòng)作處在發(fā)生過(guò)程中,還沒(méi)有結(jié)束;而不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程。如:
I saw him going out. (分詞,正在發(fā)生)
I see him go out every day. (不定式,經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作)
I heard him knock three times.是的,我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他敲了三下。(不定式,全過(guò)程)
(4).作狀語(yǔ),表時(shí)間、原因、伴隨、結(jié)果、讓步、方式等。
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ),一般句子主語(yǔ)就是分詞的主語(yǔ)。
Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(= When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.)(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),主動(dòng))
Not knowing what to do about it,I asked my teacher for advice.(原因狀語(yǔ),主動(dòng))
The teaher came in, followed by his students.(伴隨狀語(yǔ),被動(dòng))
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·報(bào)關(guān)員考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·經(jīng)濟(jì)師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·銀行從業(yè)考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·會(huì)計(jì)證考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·證券從業(yè)考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·期貨從業(yè)考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·統(tǒng)計(jì)師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·國(guó)際商務(wù)師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·稅務(wù)師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·人力資源師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·評(píng)估師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·管理咨詢師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·審計(jì)師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·報(bào)檢員考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·高級(jí)會(huì)計(jì)師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·外銷員考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·公務(wù)員 試聽(tīng) 教育門戶
·二級(jí)建造師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·招標(biāo)師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·造價(jià)師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·物業(yè)管理師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·監(jiān)理師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·設(shè)備監(jiān)理師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·安全師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·巖土工程師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·咨詢師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·投資項(xiàng)目管理師培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·結(jié)構(gòu)師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·公路監(jiān)理師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·建筑師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·衛(wèi)生資格考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·質(zhì)量資格考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·執(zhí)業(yè)藥師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)
·造價(jià)員考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng) ·執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師考試培訓(xùn) 試聽(tīng)