2020中考英語(yǔ)必考八大時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)及用法詳解
一般將來(lái)時(shí)
標(biāo)志:will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形
1. 表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),通常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(e.g. tomorrow, next week, in the future等)。如:
We shall have a lot of rain next month.
My husband will come back in a few days.
2. 表示傾向性和習(xí)慣性:
Fish will die without water.
When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.
3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的幾種句式結(jié)構(gòu)辨析:
1) will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形
多用于表達(dá)主觀(guān)愿望或必定會(huì)發(fā)生的事情(“將會(huì)如何”)
*shall作助動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般只用于第一人稱(chēng)
2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形
表示即將發(fā)生或打算要做的事:
It is going to rain.
We are going to have a meeting today.
3) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形
表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作:
He is to visit Japan next year.
We are to discuss the report on Monday.
4) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形
表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,意為“馬上要做某事”,后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如:
The plane is about to start.
Don’t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you.
4
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
標(biāo)志:be + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
1. 表示說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:
She is writing a letter upstairs.
Who are you waiting for?
It is raining hard.
2. 表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行):
I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel.
3. 表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,往往包含說(shuō)話(huà)者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒,通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如:
John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid.
He is always thinking of others first.
4. 表示將來(lái)
1) 表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,僅適用于部分趨向動(dòng)詞(如go, come, leave, start, arrive等)。如:
Uncle Wang is coming.
They're leaving for Beijing.
2) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的事情。如:
Please drop in when you are passing my way.
If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up.
5
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
標(biāo)志:was / were + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)中常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如:
I was having a talk with Lucy at that time.
They were watching TV at home last night.
2. 表示過(guò)去反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,往往包含說(shuō)話(huà)者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒,通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如:
My brother was always losing his keys.
3. 表示按計(jì)劃、安排過(guò)去某時(shí)刻將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,僅適用于部分趨向動(dòng)詞(如go, come, leave, start, arrive等)。如:
He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon.
4. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)有一個(gè)主要用法就是描述一件事情發(fā)生的背景(一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生):
Granny fell asleep when she was reading.
It was raining when they left the station.
6
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
標(biāo)志:have / has + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
1. 表示一個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生并已完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或結(jié)果,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況(表示“已完成”)。如:
He has left the city. (結(jié)果:他目前不在這個(gè)城市)
Someone has broken the window. (結(jié)果:窗戶(hù)破了)
2. 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去(表示“未完成”)。
I have been busy since last week.
He has taught in our school for 30 years.
I’ve finished half so far.
注意 瞬間動(dòng)詞通常是不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表持續(xù)性的,但其否定結(jié)構(gòu)則可以。如:
She hasn’t seen you for ages.
His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.
3. 表示過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在為止反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài),常與表示頻度的副詞always, often, every day等連用。如:
I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.
4. 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。如:
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.
5. 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的常見(jiàn)詞語(yǔ)
能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語(yǔ)很多,just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等,但常見(jiàn)的有:
1) since 自從
I have been there many times since the war.
We haven’t seen each other since last week.
We have been friends ever since.
2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在過(guò)去/最近…中
I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.
Great changes have take place in the last ten years.
I have been here (for) the last/past month.
3) so far 到目前為止
We haven’t had any trouble so far.
So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.
4) up to/until now 到現(xiàn)在為止
Up to now he’s been quiet.
Up to now, the work has been easy.
I have heard nothing from him up till now.
Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.
5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 這是第一/二…次…
It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.
It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.
It is the second time (that) I have met him today.
6) This is + 形容詞最高級(jí) + that … 這是最…
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果,與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系;
而一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去,不涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。如:
I have seen this film. (我已經(jīng)看過(guò)了這部電影)
I saw this film yesterday. (我是昨天看的這部電影)
2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等),或者干脆沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);
而一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等)。
3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)時(shí)一般使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(如live, teach, work, know等);
而一般過(guò)去時(shí)常使用瞬間動(dòng)詞(如begin, buy, die, marry等)。如:
He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.
My grandfather bought the car five years ago.
7. 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)辨析
1) 考生容易把一些瞬間動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá),這是錯(cuò)誤的。如:
(×) He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。
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