2020中考:新型冠狀病毒相關(guān)的英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)

　　英語

　　【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

　　冠狀病毒(coronavirus)是一類主要引起呼吸道、腸道疾病(respiratory and intestinal diseases)的病原體。這類病毒顆粒的表面有許多規(guī)則排列的突起(a fringe of bulbous surface projections )，整個(gè)病毒顆粒就像一頂?shù)弁醯幕使?royal crown)，因此得名“冠狀病毒”。冠狀病毒除人類以外，還可感染豬、牛、貓、犬、貂、駱駝、蝙蝠、老鼠、刺猬等多種哺乳動(dòng)物以及多種鳥類(mammals and birds)。

　　【關(guān)于新型冠狀病毒】

　　2019-nCoV， as it's been labelled， is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has not previously been identified in humans.

　　這種新型冠狀病毒(2019-nCoV)此前未在人類身上發(fā)現(xiàn)過。

　　Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses， but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people.

　　冠狀病毒是一個(gè)龐大的病毒家族，目前已知會(huì)感染人類的有六種(新發(fā)現(xiàn)的這種是第七種)。

　　【相關(guān)詞匯】

　　新型冠狀病毒 novel coronavirus / new strain of coronavirus

　　呼吸道疾病 respiratory diseases

　　禽流感病毒 avian influenza virus

　　密切接觸者 close contacts

　　潛伏期 incubation period

　　疑似病例 suspected case

　　確診病例 confirmed case

　　得肺炎 get/catch pneumonia

　　接受醫(yī)學(xué)觀察 under medical observation

　　流行病學(xué)調(diào)查 epidemiological investigation

　　病毒爆發(fā) virus outbreak

　　遏制疫情爆發(fā) contain the outbreak

　　嚴(yán)格隔離政策 strict isolation policy

　　攜帶病毒 carrying the virus

　　超級(jí)傳染源 superspreader

　　醫(yī)療費(fèi)用報(bào)銷 reimbursement for medical expenses

　　中國大部分地區(qū)口罩供應(yīng)緊張 tight supplies in large areas of China

　　人傳人 human-to-human transmission

　　醫(yī)務(wù)人員感染 infection of medical worker

　　【相關(guān)報(bào)道】

　　Scientists believe an animal source is "the most likely primary source" but that some human-to-human transmission has occurred.

　　科學(xué)家認(rèn)為動(dòng)物是“最有可能的初始感染源”，不過，也有一些人傳人的病例。

　　Signs of infection include respiratory symptoms， fever， cough， shortness of breath and breathing difficulties.

　　感染癥狀包括：呼吸道癥狀，發(fā)燒，咳嗽，呼吸短促，呼吸困難等。

　　近期，湖北省武漢市等多個(gè)地區(qū)發(fā)生新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疫情。

　　【閱讀理解】

　　A new Chinese coronavirus， a cousin of the SARS virus， has infected more than 1000 people since the outbreak (爆發(fā)) began in Wuhan， China， in December. Scientist Leo Poon， who first decoded the virus， thinks it likely started in an animal and spread to humans.

　　"What we know is it causes pneumonia (肺炎) and then doesn't respond to antibiotic(抗生素) treatment， which is not surprising， but then in terms of mortality (死亡率)， SARS kills 10% of the individuals，" Poon， a virologist(病毒學(xué)家) at the School of Public Health at The University of Hong Kong， said.

　　The World Health Organization offered guidance to countries on how they can prepare for it， including how to monitor for the sick and how to treat patients.

　　Here are seven things you should know about a coronavirus.

　　What is a coronavirus

　　Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that are common among animals. In rare cases， they are what scientists call zoonotic[?z????n??t?k](人畜共患病)， meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans， according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

　　Coronavirus symptoms(癥狀)

　　The viruses can make people sick， usually with a mild(輕度) to moderate(中度) upper respiratory tract illness(上呼吸道疾病)， similar to a common cold. Coronavirus symptoms include a runny nose， cough， sore throat， possibly a headache and maybe a fever， which can last for a couple of days.

　　For those with a weakened immune system， the elderly and the very young， there's a chance the virus could cause a lower， and much more serious， respiratory tract illness like a pneumonia or bronchitis [br???ka?t?s](支氣管炎).

　　There are a handful of human coronaviruses that are known to be deadly.

　　Middle East Respiratory Syndrome(中東呼吸綜合征)， also known as the MERS virus， was first reported in the Middle East in 2012 and also causes respiratory problems， but those symptoms are much more severe. Three to four out of every 10 patients infected with MERS died， according to the CDC.

　　Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(嚴(yán)重急性呼吸綜合征)， also known as SARS， is the other coronavirus that can cause more severe symptoms. First identified in the Guangdong province in southern China， according to the WHO， it causes respiratory problems but can also cause diarrhea [?da???ri?](腹瀉)， fatigue (疲勞)， shortness of breath， respiratory distress (呼吸窘迫) and kidney failure (腎衰). Depending on the patient's age， the death rate with SARS ranged from 0-50% of the cases， with older people being the most vulnerable.

　　How it spreads

　　Viruses can spread from human contact with animals. Scientists think MERS started in camels， according to the WHO. With SARS， scientists suspected civet cats (貍貓) were to blame.

　　When it comes to human-to-human transmission of the viruses， often it happens when someone comes into contact with the infected person's secretions [s??kri??(?)n](分泌物).

　　Depending on how virulent [?v?r?l?nt] (有毒的)the virus is， a cough， sneeze or handshake could cause exposure. The virus can also be transmitted by touching something an infected person has touched and then touching your mouth， nose or eyes. Caregivers (護(hù)理人員) can sometimes be exposed by handling a patient's waste， according to the CDC.

　　文章翻譯

　　一種新的中國冠狀病毒，是SARS病毒的一個(gè)堂兄弟，自去年12月在中國武漢爆發(fā)以來，已經(jīng)感染了1000多人�？茖W(xué)家LeoPoon首先破譯了這種病毒，他認(rèn)為它很可能是從動(dòng)物身上開始傳播到人類身上的。香港大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院的病毒學(xué)專家Poon說：“我們知道這會(huì)導(dǎo)致肺炎(PoT)，然后對(duì)抗生素治療無效，這并不奇怪，但就死亡率而言，SARS殺死了10%的個(gè)體�！� 世界衛(wèi)生組織向各國提供了如何做好準(zhǔn)備的指導(dǎo)，包括如何監(jiān)測病人和如何治療病人。

　　關(guān)于冠狀病毒你應(yīng)該知道七件事。

　　什么是冠狀病毒

　　冠狀病毒是一大類常見于動(dòng)物的病毒。據(jù)美國疾病控制和預(yù)防中心稱，在極少數(shù)情況下，它們是科學(xué)家所稱的人畜共患疾病，也就是說它們可以從動(dòng)物傳染給人類。

　　冠狀病毒癥狀

　　這種病毒能使人生病，通常是輕微(或中度)上呼吸道疾病，類似于普通感冒。冠狀病毒的癥狀包括流鼻涕、咳嗽、喉嚨痛，可能是頭痛，也可能是發(fā)燒，持續(xù)幾天。對(duì)于那些免疫系統(tǒng)弱的人，老年人和非常年輕的人來說，病毒有可能引起一種較低、更嚴(yán)重的呼吸道疾病，如肺炎或支氣管炎。

　　有一些人類冠狀病毒已知是致命的。

　　中東呼吸綜合征(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome，簡稱MERS病毒)于2012年在中東首次報(bào)道，也會(huì)引起呼吸系統(tǒng)問題，但這些癥狀要嚴(yán)重得多。疾控中心稱，每10名感染MERS的患者中就有3至4人死亡。

　　嚴(yán)重急性呼吸綜合征(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome，簡稱SARS)是另一種能引起更嚴(yán)重癥狀的冠狀病毒。據(jù)世衛(wèi)組織稱，首次發(fā)現(xiàn)于中國南方的廣東省，它會(huì)引起呼吸系統(tǒng)問題，但也會(huì)引起腹瀉、疲勞、呼吸急促、呼吸窘迫和腎衰竭。根據(jù)病人的年齡，SARS的死亡率在0-50%之間，其中老年人最易感染。

　　如何傳播

　　病毒可以從人類與動(dòng)物的接觸中傳播。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織稱，科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，MERS是從駱駝開始的。對(duì)于非典，科學(xué)家們懷疑是麝香貓引起的。當(dāng)涉及到人與人之間的病毒傳播時(shí)，通常發(fā)生在有人接觸到受感染者的分泌物時(shí)。

　　根據(jù)病毒的毒力，咳嗽、打噴嚏或握手都可能導(dǎo)致暴露。這種病毒也可以通過觸摸被感染者觸摸過的東西，然后觸摸你的嘴、鼻子或眼睛來傳播。根據(jù)疾病預(yù)防控制中心(CDC)的說法，醫(yī)務(wù)人員有時(shí)可以通過處理病人的廢物來暴露自己。

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