中考復(fù)習(xí)手冊(cè)：初中英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式用法梳理

　　動(dòng)詞不定式是由“不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成的一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。有些動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to，動(dòng)詞不定式可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或單獨(dú)使用。不定式保留動(dòng)詞的某些特性，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。動(dòng)詞不定式和它后面的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等一起構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，叫作不定式短語(yǔ)�，F(xiàn)對(duì)九年級(jí)動(dòng)詞不定式的用法作一次簡(jiǎn)要梳理。

　　一、用作主語(yǔ)

　　直接把動(dòng)詞不定式置于句首的情況不多，多數(shù)情況用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把真正的主語(yǔ)——動(dòng)詞不定式置于句末，特別是不定式短語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)。動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。帶疑問(wèn)詞的不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)常置于句首，復(fù)合不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)常置于句末。如：

　　1.As young adults, it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge... (p.8)

　　2.The head teacher said it was necessary to talk with his mother. (p.16)

　　3.How to make requests politely is important.(p.93)

　　二、用作表語(yǔ)

　　動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)，常說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)、特征。如：

　　1.The best way to improve your English is to join an English club. (p.7)

　　2.The first thing is to greet the teacher. (p.96)

　　三、用作賓語(yǔ)

　　1.可以接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有：要求選擇同意(ask, choose, agree)，期望決定學(xué)習(xí)(expect, hope, decide, learn)，寧可假裝知道(prefer, pretend, know)，希望想要愿意(wish, want, would like / love)。如：

　　1)We decided to talk to some students about why they go there. (p.88)

　　2)He prefers to eat white bread and rice.(p.50)

　　3)Id love to visit Mexico.(p.53)

　　2.動(dòng)詞decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell...，介詞結(jié)構(gòu)on...可用疑問(wèn)詞帶to的不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)，但why后面的不定式不帶to。如：

　　1)Could you please tell me where to park my car?(p.92)

　　2)It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations. (p.32)

　　3.動(dòng)詞feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式賓語(yǔ)代替真正的賓語(yǔ)——動(dòng)詞不定式，句子結(jié)構(gòu)是...feel / find / make / ... it+adj. / n.+to do...。如：

　　I find it difficult to remember everything. (p.98)

　　4.既可接動(dòng)詞不定式又可接ving形式作賓語(yǔ)，意思差別不太大的動(dòng)詞有begin, start, like, love等。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，動(dòng)詞不定式表一次、數(shù)次的具體動(dòng)作、將來(lái)動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程，ving形式表習(xí)慣性的連續(xù)動(dòng)作。但是這種區(qū)別并不很嚴(yán)格，特別是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)，即使是習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作也可以用動(dòng)詞不定式。如：

　　1)Then I started to watch English-language TV.(p.6)

　　2)I’m beginning to understand my Chinese roots, and who I am. (p.116)

　　begin用了進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，后面只接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，表示事情剛開(kāi)始，還要繼續(xù)下去。

　　3)I like to eat vegetables. (p.118)

　　感知?jiǎng)釉~like, love, know等一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

　　5.后接動(dòng)詞不定式或ving形式作賓語(yǔ)，意思差別較大的動(dòng)詞有forget, remember等。后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，表動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生；后接ving形式作賓語(yǔ)，表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。stop to do停下來(lái)做另外一件事，to do是目的狀語(yǔ)；stop doing停止做、不做當(dāng)前這件事，doing是賓語(yǔ)。try to do盡力做，try doing試試看；go on to do接著做另外的事，go on doing繼續(xù)做原來(lái)的事。如：

　　1)When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.(p.107)

　　2)I stopped using them last year.

　　四、用作定語(yǔ)

　　1.句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，不定式與其所修飾的名詞、代詞等存在邏輯的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)式。如：

　　1)I have so many chores to do today.(p.112)

　　2)I cant think of any good advice to give her. (p.31)

　　3)Basketball has also become a more popular sport for people to watch.(p.75)

　　2.動(dòng)詞不定式所修飾的名詞是place, time, way等時(shí)，不定式與這些名詞呈現(xiàn)出動(dòng)狀關(guān)系或同位關(guān)系。如：1)He needs time to do homework.(p.19)

　　2)Is that a good place to hang out？(p.88)

　　3)You want to know the best way to get around the city.(p.127)

　　3.在“there be...”句型里，句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，常用主動(dòng)式。如：

　　1)There’s just so much to see and do here.(p.49)

　　2)... but there are still many things to do there.(p.54)

　　五、用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)

　　動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里補(bǔ)賓語(yǔ)，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里補(bǔ)主語(yǔ)，句子的賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯執(zhí)行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)就是邏輯承受者。

　　1.在主、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里用帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有：要求允許提議(ask, allow, permit, advise)，期望邀請(qǐng)鼓勵(lì)(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教導(dǎo)告訴想要(teach, tell, want)，等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：

　　1)Id invite her to have dinner at my house.(p.29)

　　2)Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. (p.18)

　　3)Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones.(p.101)

　　2.動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里不帶to，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里帶to時(shí)多數(shù)動(dòng)詞是感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞，包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“讓”：have, let, make，二“聽(tīng)”：hear, listen to，一“感覺(jué)”：feel，一“注意”：notice。如：

　　1)This picture makes me feel tense！(p.106)

　　2)Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.(p.24)

　　3.help后接動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，to可帶可不帶。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，帶to表間接幫助，不帶to表直接幫助。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里，或者用不定式的否定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)要帶to。如：

　　1)... they can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.(p.106)

　　2)Using email English helps you write quickly. (p.100)

　　4.be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：

　　1)He doesn’t seem to have many friends.(p.19)

　　2)Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.(p.114)

　　六、用作狀語(yǔ)

　　1.目的狀語(yǔ)，置于句首或句末，置于句首時(shí)常表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。如：

　　1)In order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or vocabulary.(p.93)

　　2)A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question. (p.50)

　　to do / in order to do / so as to do用作目的狀語(yǔ)，置句末時(shí)都可以用，置句首時(shí)只用to do / in order to do。so as to do一般不置于句首，可以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，in order to do不引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　2.原因狀語(yǔ)，多見(jiàn)于“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如：

　　1)My dogs name is “Lucky”—a good name for him because I feel very lucky to have him.(p.66)

　　2)On Monday he told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy old bikes. (p.64)

　　3.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，多見(jiàn)于“too...to”，“enough to...”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如：

　　1)Then I’m too tired to do well. What should I do?(p.28)

　　2)The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.(p.56)

　　4.有些動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)，常說(shuō)明前面形容詞的性質(zhì)和特性。動(dòng)詞不定式與句子的主語(yǔ)有邏輯的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞不定式前面的形容詞一般是：cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, fun, hard, interesting, necessary。不定式常用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義。

　　... the mistakes you made are necessary for you to learn and understand.(p.116)

　　這類句子中的動(dòng)詞不定式可改為主語(yǔ)。

　　5.獨(dú)立動(dòng)詞不定式多用作插入語(yǔ)，表示說(shuō)話人的心理狀態(tài)或?qū)κ虑榈目捶āＨ纾?P>　　1)Id like to stay healthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.(p.50)

　　2)To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldn’t understand every word. (p.6)

　　七、動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

　　動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞用for還是of，主要決定于前面形容詞的性質(zhì)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，of前面的形容詞是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既說(shuō)明人的特性，又說(shuō)明不定式動(dòng)作的特性。for前面的形容詞是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般說(shuō)明不定式動(dòng)作的特性，不說(shuō)明人的特性。前面如果是名詞用for。如：

　　1.Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening. (p.22)

　　2.Zoos are terrible places for animals to live.(p.120)

　　八、帶疑問(wèn)詞的不定式短語(yǔ)

　　動(dòng)詞不定式前面可以帶疑問(wèn)代詞what, which, who或疑問(wèn)副詞how, when, where, why等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)起名詞的作用，在句子里用作賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，或者單獨(dú)使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不帶to。如：

　　1.用作句子的成分。

　　1)I don’t know what to try next. (p.49)(作賓語(yǔ))

　　2)Where to go is not decided yet.(作主語(yǔ))

　　2.單獨(dú)使用時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句。

　　1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)

　　2)Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)

　　九、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式

　　不定式的否定式是not / never to do...，不帶to的不定式的否定式是not / never do...如：

　　1.Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other.(p.8)

　　2.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking.