軟件水平考試需要掌握的計算機英語詞匯

ESB

An enterprise service bus acts as a shared messaging layer for connecting applications and other services throughout an enterprise computing infrastructure. It supplements its core asynchronous messaging backbone with intelligent transformation and routing to ensure that messages are passed reliably. Services participate in the ESB using either Web services messaging standards or the Java Message Service. ESBs are increasingly seen by users and analysts as core components in service-oriented IT infrastructures.

　　ESB

　　企業(yè)服務(wù)總線（ESB）在整個企業(yè)的計算基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中起到了連接應(yīng)用程序與其他服務(wù)的共享消息層的作用。它是利用了智能的轉(zhuǎn)換和路由輔助核心的異步消息傳輸，以確保信息可靠傳送。服務(wù)是利用Web services消息標準或者Java Message Service，參與到ESB中。越來越多的用戶和分析師把ESB看成面向服務(wù)的IT基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)中的核心部件。

    MPIO

Microsoft Corp.’s multipath I/O technology enables multipathing for Windows hosts attached to iSCSI or Fibre Channel SANs. MPIO can be used to facilitate fail-over or load balancing. A new feature in Version 2 of Microsoft’s iSCSI initiator for Windows, MPIO is likely to become the de facto standard for providing multiple communication paths between Windows hosts and IP SANs.

　　MPIO

　　微軟公司的多通道I/O技術(shù)，它能使接在iSCSI或光纖通道SAN上的Windows主機實現(xiàn)多通道。MPIO能用于簡化故障跳過或負載平衡。在微軟用于Windows的iSCSI倡議書2版中，MPIO有可能成為事實上的標準，在Windows主機和IP SAN之間提供多個通信通道。

    Pharming

    Pharming is a scamming practice in which malicious code is installed on a personal computer or server, misdirecting users to fraudulent Web sites without their knowledge or consent. Pharming has been called “phishing without a lure.”

    In phishing, the perpetrator sends out legitimate-looking e-mails, appearing to come from some of the Web’s most popular sites, in an effort to obtain personal and financial information from individual recipients. But in pharming, larger numbers of computer users can be victimized because it is not necessary to target individuals one by one and no conscious action is required on the part of the victim. In one form of pharming attack, code sent in an e-mail modifies local host files on a personal computer. The host files convert URLs into the number strings that the computer uses to access Web sites. A computer with a compromised host file will go to the fake Web site even if a user types in the correct Internet address or clicks on an affected bookmark entry. Some spyware removal programs can correct the corruption, but it frequently recurs unless the user changes browsing habits.

    A particularly ominous pharming tactic is known as domain name system poisoning, in which the domain name system table in a server is modified so that someone who thinks they are accessing legitimate Web sites is actually directed toward fraudulent ones. In this method of pharming, individual personal computer host files need not be corrupted. Instead, the problem occurs in the DNS server, which handles thousands or millions of Internet users’ requests for URLs. Victims end up at the bogus site without any visible indicator of a discrepancy. Spyware removal programs cannot deal with this type of pharming because nothing need be technically wrong with the end users’ computers.

    Once personal information such as a credit card number, bank account number, or password has been entered at a fraudulent Web site, criminals have the information and identity theft can be the end result.

    無誘餌釣魚欺騙

    無誘餌釣魚欺騙是一種詭秘的做法，其中惡意代碼裝入個人計算機或服務(wù)器，在不知不覺中或者未經(jīng)用戶同意將用戶錯誤地引向騙人的網(wǎng)站。它被叫做“無誘餌的釣魚”。

    在釣魚式欺騙中，為了從收信個人那里獲得個人和財務(wù)信息，作惡者發(fā)送似乎是合法的電子郵件，看上去這是來自某個最流行的網(wǎng)站。而在無誘餌釣魚欺騙中，由于它不是一個一個地針對個人，受害方絲毫不會懷疑這些行為，所以會有大量的計算機用戶受害。其中一種無誘餌釣魚欺騙的形式就是，隨電子郵件發(fā)出的（惡意）代碼修改個人計算機上的本機主文件。該主文件將URL轉(zhuǎn)換成計算機訪問網(wǎng)站的數(shù)碼串。擁有修改過的主文件的計算機會去假冒的網(wǎng)站，即使用戶鍵入了正確的因特網(wǎng)地址或者點擊了受影響的書簽條目。有些消除間諜件的程序能糾正此種破壞，但除非用戶改變了瀏覽的習慣，否則它還是會頻繁發(fā)生。

    一種特別惡毒的無誘餌釣魚欺騙手段叫做域名系統(tǒng)中毒，這時服務(wù)器中的域名系統(tǒng)表被修改了，這時那些認為自己在訪問合法網(wǎng)站的人實際上被引導到了假冒的網(wǎng)站。在這種無誘餌釣魚欺騙中，個人計算機的主文件不必被修改。相反，問題出在了處理成千上萬因特網(wǎng)用戶的URL請求的域名系統(tǒng)服務(wù)器上。受害者最終在感覺不到任何異樣的情況下上了假網(wǎng)站。消除間諜件程序?qū)Υ祟悷o誘餌釣魚欺騙是無能為力的，因為從技術(shù)上講不需要最終用戶的計算機出錯。

    一旦諸如信用卡號、銀行賬號或口令等信息進入了假冒網(wǎng)站，罪犯就擁有了這些信息，身份失竊就是必然結(jié)果。

　　SMI-S

The Storage Management Interface Specification（SMI-S） is a SNIA initiative to develop a common management interface for storage networks. SNIA’s work is being standardized through the InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards. Support for iSCSI within the SMI-S specification is still evolving.

　　SMI-S

　　存儲管理接口規(guī)范（SMI-S）是SNIA（存儲網(wǎng)絡(luò)行業(yè)協(xié)會）倡議、為存儲網(wǎng)絡(luò)開發(fā)的公共管理接口。SNIA的工作是通過信息技術(shù)標準國際委員會實現(xiàn)標準化。在SMI-S中對iSCSI的支持還在演進中。

　　iSNS

The Internet Storage Name Service, currently an IETF draft standard, provides for both automated discovery and authentication support for iSCSI devices. The standard is expected to be finalized this year.

　　iSNS

　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)存儲命名服務(wù)（iSNS）是目前IETF（互聯(lián)網(wǎng)工程任務(wù)組）的標準草案，提供對iSCSI設(shè)備的自動發(fā)現(xiàn)和認證支持。該標準有望今年內(nèi)定稿。

    Podcasting

    Podcasting is the preparation and distribution of audio (and possibly other media) files for download to digital music or multimedia players, such as the iPod. A podcast can be easily created from a digital audio file. The podcaster first saves the file as an MP3 and then uploads it to the Web site of a service provider. The MP3 file gets its own URL, which is inserted into an RSS XML document as an enclosure within an XML tag.

    Once a podcast has been created, it can be registered with content aggregators（A content aggregator is an individual or organization that gathers Web content from different online sources for reuse or resale, such as podcasting.net or ipodder.org. People can browse through the categories or subscribe to specific podcast RSS feeds which will download to their audio players automatically when they next connect. Although podcasts are generally audio files created for digital music players, the same technology can be used to prepare and transmit images, text, and video. Various XML formats are making content easier to aggregate and redistribute.

    Podcasting is similar in nature to RSS, which allows subscribers to subscribe to a set of feeds to view syndicated Web site content. With podcasting however, you have a set of subscriptions that are checked regularly for updates and instead of reading the feeds on your computer screen, you listen to the new content on on your iPod (or like device).

　　泡播

　　泡播是指制備和分發(fā)音頻（可能還有其他的媒體的）文件，供下載到數(shù)字音樂或多媒體播放機，如iPod播放機。泡播很容易從數(shù)字音頻文件生成。泡播者按MP3格式保存文件，然后上載到服務(wù)提供商的網(wǎng)站。MP3文件有它自己的URL，它被作為XML標簽中的副件插入RSS XML文檔中。

　　一旦生成了泡播，就可以在內(nèi)容集中者那里登記注冊（內(nèi)容集中者是個人或者組織，他們從不同的在線來源收集網(wǎng)上內(nèi)容，供重復(fù)使用或銷售，如podcasting.net或ipodder.org）。人們可以瀏覽目錄或訂閱具體的泡播RSS內(nèi)容，當他們再次連接訂閱的內(nèi)容時，會自動下載到他們的音頻播放器中。雖然泡播通常是為數(shù)字音樂播放器生成的音頻文件，但同一技術(shù)也能用于制備和發(fā)送圖像、文本和視頻。各種XML格式使內(nèi)容更容易集中和重新分發(fā)。

　　泡播本質(zhì)上與RSS相似，RSS（系“豐富（內(nèi)容）站點摘要”的英文縮寫）允許訂閱者訂閱一組反饋，以觀看合作網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容。但是，有了泡播，你就擁有一套訂閱，定期進行檢查更新，用不著去閱讀計算機屏幕上的反饋，而在你的iPod（或類似設(shè)備上）收聽新的內(nèi)容。

　　mickey

　　A mickey is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse. The speed of the mouse is the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how many centimeters you move the mouse on the mouse pad. The directional movement is called the horizontal mickey count and the vertical mickey count. One mickey is approximately 1/200th of an inch.

　　米鼠

米鼠是計量鼠標運動速度和方向的單位。鼠標的速度是游標在屏幕上經(jīng)過了多少像素與鼠標在鼠標墊上移動了多少厘米之比。方向性移動叫做水平米鼠數(shù)和垂直米鼠數(shù)。一個米鼠大約為兩百分之一英寸。

　　greenfield

　　In networking, a greenfield deployment is the installation and configuration of a network where none existed before, for example in a new office. A brownfield deployment, in contrast, is an upgrade or addition to an existing network and uses some legacy components. The terms come from the building industry, where undeveloped land (and especially unpolluted land) is described as greenfield and previously developed (often polluted and abandoned) land is described as brownfield.

　　綠場

聯(lián)網(wǎng)時，綠場部署是指在以前沒有網(wǎng)絡(luò)的地方，如新的辦公室，安裝和配置網(wǎng)絡(luò)。與之相反，灰場部署是指對現(xiàn)有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)升級或擴容，并利用一些老式的設(shè)備。此術(shù)語出自建筑行業(yè)，未開發(fā)的（尤其是未污染的）土地稱之為綠場，而以前開發(fā)過的（通常是被污染的和被廢棄的）土地稱之為灰場。