2010年6月英語四級(jí)考試命題剖析與指導(dǎo)：定位法

　　2.題干預(yù)測(cè)

　　但是，無論是先看題干，還是先看題支，都必須對(duì)題干或題支進(jìn)行積極的思考和預(yù)測(cè)，這是看題支或題干的根本目的和用意，否則定位法就變得毫無意義了。對(duì)于題干的思考，可從宏觀和微觀兩個(gè)角度來著手。對(duì)于宏觀性的題目，比如：段落大意、文章主旨、作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度、事例對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的論證等等，需要根據(jù)全文的基調(diào)或段落的中心來定位;對(duì)于微觀性的題目，比如：詞義、句義以及某人的認(rèn)識(shí)等等，則需要根據(jù)其所在句的句義或與前后句的關(guān)系來定位，有時(shí)也需要顧及文章的整體內(nèi)容。例如：

　　Educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investment available in the developing world. Women’s education may be unusual territory for economists, but enhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue. And economics, with its emphasis on incentives (激勵(lì)), provides guideposts that point to an explanation for why so many girls are deprived of an education.

　　Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and bear children. Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school—the prophecy (預(yù)言) becomes self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle (惡性循環(huán)) of neglect.

　　An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys, will be educated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle.

　　Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits. But it has enormous economic advantages as well. Most obviously, there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers. Wages rise by 10 to 20 percent for each additional year of schooling. Such big returns are impressive by the standard of other available investments, but they are just the beginning. Educating women also has a significant impact on health practices, including family planning. (06年6月快速閱讀)

　　21.The author argues that educating girls in developing countries is .(微觀題目)

　　A)troublesome B)labor-saving C) rewarding D)expensive

　　【預(yù)測(cè)】本題考查作者對(duì)于某種情況(發(fā)展中國家女性教育)的看法，屬于細(xì)節(jié)性題干，可初步猜測(cè)其中的關(guān)鍵詞為in developing countries或關(guān)鍵信息為educating girls in developing countries，而且根據(jù)題目的順序，可以初步定位于文章的開始部分。

　　22.By saying “…the prophecy becomes self�瞗ulfilling…” (Lines 4, Para. 2) the author means that .(微觀題目)

　　A) girls will turn out to be less valuable than boys

　　B) girls will be capable of realizing their own dreams

　　C) girls will eventually find their goals in life beyond reach

　　D) girls will be increasingly discontented with their life at home

　　【預(yù)測(cè)】本題考查句子的意思，屬于微觀題目。根據(jù)句中的the prophecy，可以猜測(cè)需要結(jié)合其前面的句子，即這個(gè)預(yù)言的具體內(nèi)容來進(jìn)行判斷。

　　23. The author believes that a vicious circle can turn into a virtuous circle when.(微觀題目)

　　A) women care more about education

　　B) girls can gain equal access to education

　　C) a family has fewer but healthier children

　　D) parents can afford their daughters�� education

　　【預(yù)測(cè)】根據(jù)連詞when，可以初步判斷該題是考查時(shí)間或條件情況的，屬于細(xì)節(jié)性題目。題干中的vicious和virtuous是關(guān)鍵詞，a vicious circle can turn into a virtuous circle是關(guān)鍵信息，可以由此來定位。

　　24. What does the author say about women’s education?(宏觀題目)

　　A) It deserves greater attention than other social issues.

　　B) It is now given top priority in many developing countries.

　　C) It will yield greater returns than other known investments.

　　D) It has aroused the interest of a growing number of economists.

　　【預(yù)測(cè)】該題干考查作者的態(tài)度，屬于宏觀題目。結(jié)合上面的幾個(gè)題干，可猜測(cè)本文應(yīng)該是關(guān)于女性教育的文章，該題干中的women�餾 education是關(guān)鍵詞，本題基本上可確定用排除法來解答。

　　另外，根據(jù)題干的長(zhǎng)短程度也可以來確定題目考查的宏觀或者微觀內(nèi)容，可以幫助考生迅速定位。一般而言，題干較長(zhǎng)的為微觀題目，題干較短的為宏觀題目;題干中的關(guān)鍵詞多為具體意義的屬于微觀題目，題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為抽象意義的屬于宏觀題目。

　　3.題支預(yù)測(cè)(略)

　　4.其他預(yù)測(cè)(略)

　　(二)閱讀原文進(jìn)行定位尋找答案

　　在對(duì)問題有了初步的印象、思考和預(yù)測(cè)之后，接下來就應(yīng)該帶著問題閱讀或傾聽文章的內(nèi)容，定位尋找并初步確定相關(guān)試題的答案。這是定位法最關(guān)鍵的一步，既涉及到對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的總體把握，也關(guān)系到對(duì)某些細(xì)節(jié)的理解;既需要對(duì)正確答案做出初步的定位，也需要對(duì)干擾項(xiàng)做出初步的排除;既需要從宏觀上來思維和解答問題，也需要從微觀上對(duì)所選答案進(jìn)行論證，是一個(gè)極其復(fù)雜的思維過程。這一步主要可以運(yùn)用兩種定位法：關(guān)鍵詞定位和關(guān)鍵信息定位。