四、狀語(yǔ)從句

　　狀語(yǔ)從句也是四級(jí)詞匯和句法部分考查的重點(diǎn)之一，95年至2000年6月共設(shè)考題20題，占10%強(qiáng)。就狀語(yǔ)從句而言，主要是根據(jù)主從句的關(guān)系判斷連詞的使用。因此，在準(zhǔn)備狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，主要任務(wù)是弄清楚各種狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞。

1．時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞

表示時(shí)間的連詞有when, while, as, by the time, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as，有些名詞短語(yǔ)也可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，如the moment, the instant, each time，有些是固定句型如：no sooner … than hardly/scarcely …when。在這些連詞的使用中應(yīng)注意

① as強(qiáng)調(diào)同時(shí)，也表示"一邊……，一邊……"，while表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的過(guò)程之中，要求從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞或持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，when的使用則比較簡(jiǎn)單，相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的"當(dāng)……時(shí)候"。如：
Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ____ it comes to classroom tests.
A.when B.since C.before D.after (1996.1)
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都表示時(shí)間，但根據(jù)主從句間的關(guān)系可以判斷答案 為A。

② 注意when的特殊句型
下列句型中when連接的不是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，但考試中卻常與其它時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞一塊出題。
were/was doing something when …
were/was about to do something when …
had just done something when …

四級(jí)考題中不乏對(duì)上述結(jié)構(gòu)的考查，如：

I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ___ I heard voices.
A.as B.when C.after D.while (1997.6)
I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave ___ something occurred which attracted my attention.
A.unless B.until C.when D.while (1996.1)
這類考題比較簡(jiǎn)單，只要同學(xué)們清楚這一句型，答案則自然可得。

③ 注意no sooner … than ….和hardly/scarcely …when句中的時(shí)態(tài)。

④ 注意not … until 中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以提前。如
____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.
A.Before B.Until C.From D.Since (1995.6)
但只要同學(xué)們能夠辨認(rèn)not … until 的句法結(jié)構(gòu)，答案也就顯而易見(jiàn)。
比較常見(jiàn)的提前方式是將not until….提至句首，后面用肯定形式，主謂倒裝。本題可以改成，Not until quite recently did most mothers in Britain take paid work outside the home.這時(shí)，句子采用主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)注意。

⑤ 在對(duì)名詞短語(yǔ)做連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常與名詞構(gòu)成的其它短語(yǔ)相區(qū)別。如：
You see the lightening ___ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
A.the instant B.for an instant C.on the instant D.in an instant
(1997.1)
能夠引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的是名詞the instant，而不是由其構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)。

⑥ 注意含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的固定句型，如It won't be long before … 和It is …since兩類句型。It won't be long before可以有三個(gè)變體，即：It was (not) + 一段時(shí)間 + before，It won't be + 一段時(shí)間+ before。如95年6月就有對(duì)此的考查：
Scientists say it may be five or ten years ____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A.since B.before C.after D.when

2．原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞

　　原因狀語(yǔ)從句一般由because, since, as, now that, considering that, seeing that連接。對(duì)于表原因連詞本身的區(qū)別考查相對(duì)較少，主要是與其它狀語(yǔ)從句連詞的對(duì)比。如：
① ____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.(1999.6)
A.For B.Since C.Before D.While

② ____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.(1997.6)
A.For B.Now C.Since D.Despite

1) 從以上兩題可以看出，首先，同學(xué)們要根據(jù)主從句的語(yǔ)意關(guān)系，確定是什么狀語(yǔ)從句，然后在進(jìn)行選擇。
2) 注意連詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，如2）為Now that的搭配。
3) 注意for, because, since/as的區(qū)別。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，for不表示原因，其所連接的是并列句，是一種解釋說(shuō)明，尤其是當(dāng)用結(jié)果來(lái)反證原因時(shí)。如：
He must have experienced something very unpleasant, for he looks so upset.
You must try to rid yourself of your carelessness, for it often leads to errors.
4) 注意引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的還可以是considering/seeing that，其用法與since/as相同。如：
Considering that he is only a beginner, it is understandable for him to make such mistakes.
Seeing that you have come, you may as well stay here for a few days.

3．條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞

　　涉及到條件狀語(yǔ)從句的考查題很多，如時(shí)態(tài)，虛擬語(yǔ)氣等。但從狀語(yǔ)從句的概念來(lái)講，這里我們所說(shuō)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句性質(zhì)的判斷和連詞的選擇。要求同學(xué)們首先能理解主從句之間的關(guān)系，確定是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，然后在根據(jù)各連詞的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行選擇。如：
① I am sure he is up to the job ____ he would give his mind to it.(1998.1)
A.if only B.in case C.until D.unless

② We'll visit Europe next year _____ we have enough money.(1999.1)
A.lest B.until C.unless D.provided

③ ____ he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.(1998.1)
A.As soon as B.As well as C.As far as D.So long as

從以上考題來(lái)看，就條件狀語(yǔ)從句而言，同學(xué)們應(yīng)掌握以下幾點(diǎn)：
1) unless與其它連詞的差別，unless表示的是If …not …的意思。

2) if only或only if是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)if only 與unless肯定與否定條件的差別，可以判斷①題答案為A。

3) provided (that)表示唯一的條件，相當(dāng)于if and only if，on condition that，如②表示"明年只要有錢，我們就去歐洲。"

4) so/as long as表示條件時(shí)一般與其它類似短語(yǔ)一同考查，如③，四個(gè)短語(yǔ)都可以連接狀語(yǔ)從句，但表達(dá)意思有別，考試的目的就是考查同學(xué)們對(duì)句子的理解能力。

5) 另外注意，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的還可以是suppose/supposing, in case, once等。

4．讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞

　　引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞很多，但結(jié)構(gòu)差別比較大，比較容易掌握，同學(xué)們只要能掌握各連詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)義特點(diǎn)，準(zhǔn)確把握主從句的關(guān)系，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句則就不過(guò)是一塊巧克力。先看一下下列各題：
① I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, ___________.
A.however much it costs B.however does it cost much
C.how much does it cost D.no matter how it costs (1996.6)

② ____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.(2000.6)
A.Although much he likes her B.Much although he likes her
C.As he likes her much D.Much as he likes her

③ ____ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.(1999.1)
A.Even if B.As far as C.If only D.So long as

④ ____ their differences, the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.(1998.1)
A.But for B.For all C.Above all D.Except for

　　從以上四級(jí)真題我們可以看到對(duì)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的考查特點(diǎn)：一是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句與其它狀語(yǔ)從句的對(duì)比，如③，另一種是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句連詞自身的結(jié)構(gòu)功能，如①②兩題。下面我們就一起來(lái)看讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞功能：
1) although/though連接讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，表示"盡管"，從句用直陳語(yǔ)序，與漢語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)類似。

2) as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，如②題�？商嶂辆涫椎挠忻�詞、原形動(dòng)詞、副詞、形容詞等�？蓴�(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式不用冠詞。如：
Child as he is, he behaves like a grown-up.
Fail as he did, he was not disappointed at all.
Much as I tried, I failed to persuade him.

3) No matter + 疑問(wèn)詞和疑問(wèn)詞 + ever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，表示"不論誰(shuí)""不論什么時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)/方式"等等，從句用直陳語(yǔ)序。由此可以判斷上面①題答案為A。

4) For all表示讓步時(shí)后面可以接從句，也可以接名詞短語(yǔ)，后接名詞時(shí)常與其它類似短語(yǔ)比較，如④。注意接從句：
For all that he has a master's degree, I don't think he can outdo me in many aspects.

5) 其它用來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的還有whether …or， even if， even though，和"動(dòng)詞 + 疑問(wèn)詞+主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞"，如：
Say what you will, he will turn a deaf year.So it's better to keep silent.
Doubt whom you may, you shouldn't doubt me.

5．方式狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞

相比之下，方式狀語(yǔ)從句則簡(jiǎn)單了許多，四級(jí)考試中還從未涉及此項(xiàng)。用來(lái)表示方式的主要是as 和as if/though。如：
I have made the change as you suggested.
I remember the whole thing as if it happened only yesterday.

6．結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞

　　盡管這幾年，四級(jí)考試中并沒(méi)有考題涉及結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，同學(xué)們還是應(yīng)該了解以下結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的一些用法。首先讓我們先來(lái)熟悉一下結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句所在句式：
1) so … that…/ such ….that
該句式中重要考查的是so和such的區(qū)別。應(yīng)注意以下可能出現(xiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)：
so nice a boy that…
such a nice boy that…
so beautiful/diligent/carefully … that…
such (fine weather/great improvement) that…

2) so that
Everyone lend a hand, so that the sowing was done in time.
該句式中主要考查so that 與其它短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別，如：
I took no notice of him, ___ he flew into a rage.
A.for that B.so that C.in that D.but that
由于so that也可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，同學(xué)們應(yīng)特別注意從句中時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用。

3) so much so that
該結(jié)構(gòu)用于形容詞或副詞之后，表示"到如此程度以致于"。如：
He was very weak, so much so that he could not walk.
I long to visit Beijing, so much so that I dream about it every night.

4) 注意結(jié)構(gòu)狀語(yǔ)從句與too….to..enough to…, so… as to結(jié)構(gòu)的不同。

7．目的狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞

　　目的狀語(yǔ)從句是比較常用的，也是比較簡(jiǎn)單的狀語(yǔ)從句。就目的狀語(yǔ)從句而言，第一，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該清楚的是引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句各連詞所表達(dá)的語(yǔ)義差別，對(duì)于個(gè)別的狀語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)要求應(yīng)有所了解。具體測(cè)試中，主要是根據(jù)主從句的語(yǔ)意邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)判斷從句的屬性。如：
① I was advised to arrange for insurance ___ I needed medical
treatment.
A.nevertheless B.although C.in case D.so that (1999.1)

② The man mad was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ___ himself.
A.injure B.had injured C.injured D.would injure (1998.1)

從這兩題我們可以看出，
1） 在解答狀語(yǔ)從句的試題時(shí)，首先是判斷主從句的邏輯關(guān)系，意思確定了，答案也就有了。如第一題，安排保險(xiǎn)的目的是以防自己有朝一日需要醫(yī)務(wù)治療，而能表達(dá)這種目的含義的只有選項(xiàng)C。

2） 注意狀語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)，如lest后常用should + 原形動(dòng)詞，should可以省略，而第二題也正式對(duì)這一原則的考查。

3） 注意其它表目的連詞的用法，如for fear that表示"恐怕""以免"等：
The workers never complain though they are badly treated for fear that they might lose their job.

8．地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

　　表示地點(diǎn)的自然是where或 wherever引導(dǎo)，要求同學(xué)們做到的就是在考試中能從上下文中看出從句表地點(diǎn)的特征。如：
① Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ____ other more well-informed experimenters failed.(1998.1)
A.which B.that C.what D.where

② I have kept the portrait ___ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.(1996.1)
A.which B.where C.whether D.when
這種地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般是與定語(yǔ)從句相比較，如上面第一題，也可能與其它狀語(yǔ)相比較，如第二題。

9．自我訓(xùn)練

　　上面我和同學(xué)們一起分析了四級(jí)考試中對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句的考查方式和解題的一些注意事項(xiàng)，下面，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們做《語(yǔ)法分冊(cè)》131-132上的有關(guān)題目。

五、名詞性從句

　　名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句，在四級(jí)考試中所占比重不大，約4.7%。在講解名詞性從句的考試方式和答題要素前，讓我們先看以下幾題：
Test Yourself
1) Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _____ will happen to her private life.(2000.1)
A.that 　　B.what 　　C.it 　　D.this

2) We agreed to accept ____ they thought was not the best tourist guide.(2000.1)
A.whatever 　　B.whomever 　　C.whichever 　　D.whoever

3) In some countries, ____ is called "equality" does not really mean
equal rights for all people.
A.which 　　B.what 　　C.that 　　D.one (1995.6)

4) When I try to understand ____ that prevents so many Americans from being as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes.(1998.1)
A.why it does 　　B.what it does 　　C.what it is 　　D.why it is

5) They are teachers and don't realize ____ to start and run a
company.(1995.1)
A.what it takes 　　B.what takes it 　　C.what they take 　　D.what takes them

6) By success I don't mean ____ usually thought of when that word is used.(1996.6)
A.what is 　　B.that we 　　C.as you 　　D.all is

7) The mere fact _____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.(1997.6)
A.what　　 B.which 　　C.that vD.why

8) There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.(2000.6)
A.that 　　B.which 　　C.in which　　 D.whose

Explanation and Expansion
A． 參考答案：1) B 2) D 3) B 4) C 5) A 6) A 7) C 8)A
B． 評(píng)析
1) 名詞性從句的考查主要集中在兩點(diǎn)，一是從句的語(yǔ)序?yàn)橹标愓Z(yǔ)序，這一點(diǎn)在上面的5）題就有涉及。

2) 另一點(diǎn)則是名詞性從句的連詞的選擇，而其中以what的使用最為廣泛，涉及what連詞的占5/8。

3) 連詞what為縮合連詞，相當(dāng)于all that/ everything that等，而與之經(jīng)常在同一題出現(xiàn)的which為疑問(wèn)連詞，表示"哪一個(gè)？"的概念，that做名詞性從句的連詞在從句中不做任何成分，也因此經(jīng)常省略。在解這種題時(shí)一是看從句所表達(dá)的含義，最重要的是看連詞在從句中是否做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。

4) 注意whoever 與who的差別。whoever相當(dāng)于anyone who，而who為疑問(wèn)連詞。但從四級(jí)考試來(lái)看，更傾向于whoever 與whatever, whichever等的比較。也就是說(shuō)，測(cè)試傾向于句子的理解，而不只是語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的記憶。

5) 除what以為，when, where, why也都可做縮合連詞來(lái)用，考生也應(yīng)引以注意，如：
I still remember when this used to be a small quiet village.
Is this where you and yours got robbed the other day?

6) 名詞性從句考查設(shè)疑的另一點(diǎn)就是從句與非從句的比較，如1）中是否可以用it 或this，3）中是否可以用one等。

7) 同位語(yǔ)從句一般以that為連詞者句多，如上面的7）8）兩題。這類從句的特點(diǎn)是從句表示與其同位的名詞的具體內(nèi)容，連詞that沒(méi)有任何詞匯意義，也沒(méi)有任何句法功能。

Self-practice

　　好了，又到同學(xué)們自我練習(xí)的時(shí)候了。請(qǐng)打開《語(yǔ)法分冊(cè)》200-202頁(yè)，自我檢測(cè)一下。
　　本節(jié)我和同學(xué)們一起分析了四級(jí)詞匯/語(yǔ)法測(cè)試中對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣和各種從句的用法特點(diǎn)和解題規(guī)律。下一講我們看一下英語(yǔ)中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)比較級(jí)等。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們提前預(yù)習(xí)一下《語(yǔ)法分冊(cè)》的相關(guān)部分。

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