6、因果句�？�

　　命題者常以文中因果句命制一些考查文中兩個事件內(nèi)在的因果關(guān)系的試題，或出些概括文意、段意試題。一般以"推理性"題型和主旨大意題型出現(xiàn)，兼顧少量其它題型。表示因果關(guān)系的詞有：because, since, for，as, therefore, consequently, result in, originate from 等。

例1. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused . They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in opera court of how…

Q：The passage is mainly about______ .

(A) why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspection.
(B) Why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment.
(C) How computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their former employers.
(D) Why computer crimes can't be eliminated.

　　(分析：選D項(xiàng)。屬主旨大意型。文章前幾段說到了利用計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪的人即使被抓，不僅不受懲罰，而且還會得到以前老板充滿熱情的推薦信。這是什么原因呢（why?）Because…作了回答。這也就是全文要告訴讀者的關(guān)于計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪清除不了的原因，故選D。)

例2 … Certainly it (telephone) has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates(傳播)the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice(惡意)of the malicious.

Q:The author describes the telephone as impartial because it______.

(A) saves lives of people in remote places.
(B) Enables people to live alone if they want to.
(C) Spreads both love and ill will
(D) Replaces much written communication.

　　(分析：選C項(xiàng)。屬邏輯推理型題。Since引導(dǎo)的從句表明電話不偏不倚地傳播著科學(xué)家的真言，無知者的廢話，仁者之愛心，惡者之惡意。因此，從這句話我們可以推斷出電話"spreads both love and ill will"故選C)。

例3 … The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change…(見《分冊》P19頁例6)

Q：According to the author, the introduction of the composer is a revolution mainly because .

(A) the computer has revolutionized the working of the human mind.
(B) The computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people before.
(C) It has helped to switch to an information technology.
(D) It has a great potential impact on society.

　　(分析：選D項(xiàng)。屬邏輯推理型題。原段首句就交待了沒有什么技術(shù)發(fā)展比計(jì)算機(jī)革命對我們生活產(chǎn)生的影響要大。然后指出工業(yè)革命之所以是一切革命在于它導(dǎo)致了巨大的社會變化。由此可以推斷，計(jì)算機(jī)的誕生之所以是一場革命主要是D項(xiàng)：it has a great potential impact on society.)

7、特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號后內(nèi)容�？�

　　由于特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號后內(nèi)容是對前面內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋和說明，因此命題者常以標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號后的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行提問。具體說，特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號包括：(1)破折號(表解釋)；(2)括號(表解釋)；(3)冒號(表解釋)；(4)引號(表引用)。題型一般有推理題，主旨大意題，細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題等。

例1. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses there may be a sort of trefoil jam of words caused by interruption, false, and unpredictable pauses.

Q：To keep a conversation flowing smoothing, it is better for the participants ______ .

(A) out to wear dark spectacles
(B) not to make any interruptions
(C) not to glance away
(D) not to make unpredictable pauses.

　　(分析：選A。屬辨認(rèn)細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題型，冒號前一句話意思是當(dāng)兩個說話者戴墨鏡進(jìn)行交談時，談話的流利性就會受影響。冒號后一句話進(jìn)一步解釋了會有哪些影響，即會有一些停頓或錯誤表達(dá)，或隨便插話。答案B、D項(xiàng)是結(jié)果，不是條件，C項(xiàng)短文沒提，故選A。)

例2．… She adds:"Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down (使…不突出)their visibility. "Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.

Q：The best title for this passage would be ______ .

(A) pole of women and Minorities in Management
(B) The Importance of Being Visible
(C) Job Performance and Advancement
(D) Sex and Career Success

　　(分析：選B項(xiàng)，屬主旨大意題型。冒號前面的內(nèi)容講的是女人和黑人常因自己的膚色和性別而畏首畏腳，不愿張揚(yáng)自己，這樣很難得到老板提拔。冒號后內(nèi)容即建議他們要象白人一樣善于突出自己并引人注意。此即全篇文章主旨，故選B項(xiàng)。)

例3．… Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Lab our is simply another factor of production to be hired - rented at the lowest possible cost - much as one buys raw materials or equipment.

Q：Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?

(A) They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.
(B) They see the gaining of skills as their employees' own business.
(C) They attach more importance to workers than equipment.
(D) They only hired skilled workers because of keep competition.

　　(分析：選B項(xiàng)，屬歸納事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章主要意思講美國大公司忽視人力資源管理。帶破折號的句子是進(jìn)一步解釋，闡述這一主旨，強(qiáng)調(diào)勞動力僅被視為生產(chǎn)的最廉價因素--就象去買原料或裝置一樣。我們由此歸納，總結(jié)出美國公司把員工技能的培養(yǎng)看作員工自己的事。

例4："Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-Combustion engines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhorns emissions (especially because oil companies are already spending billions of dollars every year to develop less of polluting types of gasoline).

Q：Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

(A)The decline of public transportation accounts for increased…
(B)cars are popular in western Europe even though fuel prices …
(C)The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option…
(D)Western European oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new-type fuels.
　　(分析選B項(xiàng) 屬推理題。此題雖需通閱全文才能做出。但命題者針對小括號內(nèi)內(nèi)容出了一干擾項(xiàng)D項(xiàng)。D項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與文中小括號內(nèi)容是有出入的，故錯。)

　　注：至引號處的考點(diǎn)，前面引用處�？家豁�(xiàng)已分析過。

8、段首，段尾句�？�

　　在短文中第一段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表達(dá)處；有時某一段的段首，段尾句是該段的主題句。因此，命題者常在這些地方出題。題型基本上屬主旨大意型。

例1．The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has conviced many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, … (見《分冊》P69頁例子)
Q：The passage is probably intended to answer the question _____ .
(A) Is war inevitable?
(B) why is there conflict and competition?
(C) Is conflict desirable?
(D) Can competition lead to conflict?

　　(分析：選A。屬段首主旨大意型。文章開頭一句話即點(diǎn)明了文章中心思想，下面內(nèi)容均圍繞這一思想展開的。)

例2．…"They think that if you work hard, …"She adds, Most women and blacks … because of their sex or color that play down (使…不突出)their visibility."Her advice to those folk . Learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight." (見《分冊》P74頁例8)

Q：The best title for this passage would be _________ .

(A) Role of women and Minorities in Management.
(B) The Importance of Being Visible
(C) Job Performance and Advancement
(D) Sex and Career Success.

　　(分析：選B項(xiàng)，屬段尾主旨大意型。文章開頭就指出女人和黑人加入管理階層之后，出現(xiàn)了一些新的觀點(diǎn)。文中又介紹了Coleman觀點(diǎn)及Kaleel Jamision 的評論，最后通過Kaleel Jamision的建議才點(diǎn)出文章中心意思。)

例3．It is natural for yours people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstands between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominate; that they do not trust their children to deal with crisis; that they talk too much about certain problems --and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships.

Q：The first paragraph is mainly about ________.

(A) the teenager's criticism of their parents.
(B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents.
(C) the dominance of the parents over their children.
(D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crisis.

　　(分析：選12項(xiàng)。屬某一段落段首主旨大意型。此段第一句就指出年輕人批評其父母，認(rèn)為他們的父母對他們之間的誤解負(fù)責(zé)，這是很正常的事。然后用五個that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句來闡述他們對父母不滿的原因。段落結(jié)構(gòu)一目了然，故知首句是中心思想。)

例4：… These definition are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably and essential and desirable element of human societies.

Q：In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to _______ .
(A)argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies
(B) smooth out the conflicts in human societies.
(C) distinguish between two kinds of opposition.
(D) summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation.

　　(分析：選C項(xiàng)。屬某一段段尾主旨大意型。文章此段給出了conflict (矛盾)和competition (競爭)的定義，然后進(jìn)一步闡述了兩種對抗(opposition)在很多情況下的不同。作者最后兩句又強(qiáng)調(diào)了"These definitions are necessary because …"。很明顯作者是想通過定義這兩個詞從而區(qū)分這兩種對抗。

　　以上分析，基本上概括了歷屆四六級考試閱讀理解題考點(diǎn)�？继幖捌鋵�應(yīng)題型�？忌�掌握了這些規(guī)律，在讀文章時，就要在這些考點(diǎn)常出現(xiàn)地方作些記號。閱讀完畢，這些作記號的地方基本上就是出題的地方。然后再對照后面的題目，一一找到相對應(yīng)的考點(diǎn)，再細(xì)細(xì)分、做題。這樣就避免做一題，看一下整個段落，甚至全文，從而節(jié)省了時間。至于各種題型的特點(diǎn)及應(yīng)試技巧，請參閱大學(xué)英語四級90分突破《閱讀與簡答》(王長喜主編，學(xué)苑出版社)。

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