王長(zhǎng)喜大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試四級(jí)大課堂（第三講）

各位同學(xué)：

　　大家好!這一講我們一起來(lái)看一下語(yǔ)法在四級(jí)英語(yǔ)中的考查特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)策略。

　　英語(yǔ)是一個(gè)重結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)言，要求句子必須符合句法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求。用來(lái)規(guī)定句法結(jié)構(gòu)的一些原則也就是我們常說(shuō)的語(yǔ)法。英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)法條文比較多，總的來(lái)說(shuō)可分為兩大類，即詞法和句法。具體說(shuō)來(lái)，有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法，形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)用法，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法，時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，定語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句，虛擬語(yǔ)氣，名詞性從句，倒裝，強(qiáng)調(diào)與并列，主謂一致等。經(jīng)過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)，95年1月到2000年6月，僅詞匯和句法部分對(duì)語(yǔ)法的考查就有190題，占52.8%，其中以非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、時(shí)態(tài)/語(yǔ)態(tài)、狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句考查最多。今天這一講我們重點(diǎn)講時(shí)態(tài)/語(yǔ)態(tài)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣和各種從句，下一講重點(diǎn)講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等。

一、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　英語(yǔ)中共有16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，最常用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)。但從95年以來(lái)的考題統(tǒng)計(jì)來(lái)看，15個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)考題中將來(lái)完成最多，占3題，時(shí)態(tài)考查的次序依次為將來(lái)完成時(shí)--- 過(guò)去完成時(shí) --- 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) --- 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) --- 一般將來(lái) --- 一般過(guò)去。先看以下各題：

Test Yourself:
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1) My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there ___ by then.(1999.1)
A. would leave 　　B. will have left 　　C. has left 　　D. had left

2) She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ____ too long.(2000.1)
A. has been reading 　　B. had read 　　C. is reading 　　D. read

3) "May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"(2000.6)
"I'm sorry. Mr. Williams ____ to a conference long before then."
A. will have gone 　　B. had gone 　　C. would have gone 　　D. has gone

4) Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _____today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.(1997.1)
A. are to challenge 　　B. may be challenged 　　C. have been challenged 　　D. are challenged

5) Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it ____ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. (1996.6)
A. would be 　　B. has been 　　C. had been 　　D. would have been

6) He came back late, ____ which time all the guest had already left.(1999.6)
A. after 　　B. by 　　C. at 　　D. during

7) Until then, his family ______from him for six months. (1997.1)
A. didn't hear 　　B. hasn't been hearing 　　C. hasn't heard 　　D. hadn't heard

Explanation and Expansion
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A：參考答案：1）B 2）A 3）A 4）C 5）C 6）B 7）D
B：評(píng)析：

1) 以上各題都與完成時(shí)有關(guān)，完成時(shí)態(tài)用來(lái)表示到某一個(gè)時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或某個(gè)狀態(tài)/動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到某個(gè)時(shí)間。如果時(shí)間為過(guò)去，則用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，即表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去，如5）和7）。

2) 如果表示到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，則用將來(lái)完成時(shí)，如1）和3），再如：
It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%.
A. will have risen B. has risen
C. will be rising D. has been rising

3) 而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到目前為止某個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，如4）。從下文中的"正在修改"可以判斷人們已經(jīng)對(duì)牛頓的觀點(diǎn)提出挑戰(zhàn)，而不是將要提出挑戰(zhàn)或者可能提出挑戰(zhàn)，由此可以判斷應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

4) 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不同，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且仍在進(jìn)行，如2）。頭疼的原因是看書(shū)時(shí)間太長(zhǎng)。本題可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但不會(huì)是過(guò)去完成時(shí)，選項(xiàng)B不對(duì)，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，與這里的頭疼不能構(gòu)成直接的因果關(guān)系，由于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示的是一段時(shí)間，有不可能是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，所以這里只能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

C．完成時(shí)態(tài)使用注意事項(xiàng)
① 完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般表示"到……為止"，以"by"短語(yǔ)居多。如果句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是由by引出的短語(yǔ)或從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般是用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如：
By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out.
We'll have completed the task by the time you come back.

② 在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而表示狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作持續(xù)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
The conference ____ a full week by the time it ends
A. must have lasted
B. will have lasted
C. would last
D. has lasted (1997.1)
It seems oil ___ form this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A. had leaked
B. is leaking
C. leaked
D. has been leaking (1997.6)
這兩題中都有表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的一段時(shí)間，應(yīng)該用完成時(shí)態(tài)。
但是，如果只表示狀態(tài)已經(jīng)存在，則不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如：
By then, he knew what he waned to be when he grew up.

③ 完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示量的積累。

④ 對(duì)于完成時(shí)的考查有兩種，一種是時(shí)態(tài)本身的選擇，另一種是根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)選擇時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如6）。從句時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示等到他回來(lái)，客人都已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了，與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用的，表示"到……為止"的應(yīng)該是介詞by。

Pactise Yourself
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　　下面請(qǐng)同學(xué)們做《語(yǔ)法分冊(cè)》第五章 二至四節(jié)相關(guān)題目。然后對(duì)照評(píng)析自檢。

Test Yourself
剛才我們看了完成時(shí)態(tài)的考查，現(xiàn)在我們一塊來(lái)看以下其它時(shí)態(tài)，請(qǐng)先試做以下各題：
1) Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy, balanced families.
A. are often seeing 　　B. often see 　　C. will often see 　　D. have often seen (1995.6)

2) While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _____ the newspaper completely.
A. replaced 　　B. have replaced 　　C. replace 　　D. will replace (1995.6)

3) I'm sorry I can't see you immediately; but if you'd like to take a seat, I'll be with you ____.
A. for a moment 　　B. in a moment 　　C. for the moment 　　D. at the moment (1999.1)

4) If she doesn't tell him the truth now, he'll simply keep on asking her until she _____.
A. does 　　B. has done 　　C. will do 　　D. would do (1998.6)

Explanation and Expansion
A. 參考答案： 1）C 2） D 3） B 4） A
B. 評(píng)析
　　從以上各題可以看到，在解時(shí)態(tài)考題時(shí)應(yīng)注意一下幾點(diǎn)：
① 結(jié)合形容詞選擇時(shí)態(tài)，如2）。從unlikely一詞可以看出從句表示的是將來(lái)不大可能發(fā)生的事情，自然用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。類似的形容詞還有possible, probable, impossible等。

② 根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)判斷時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如3）。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，說(shuō)明時(shí)間應(yīng)該是in a moment，表示我一會(huì)就去見(jiàn)你。for a moment同樣可以與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用，但表示的是"與某人一塊待一小會(huì)"，這樣就與上文的I can't see you immediately意思上沖突。

③ 注意句型對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的要求，如1）。該句型中祈使句表示一種條件，第二個(gè)分句中一般要用will表示在這種條件下可能發(fā)生的事情。但是，本題中often的使用可能會(huì)造成一定的迷惑。這就要求考生對(duì)各種時(shí)態(tài)的表達(dá)方式，以及其作用了解清楚。Will可以表示習(xí)慣。

④ 注意時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用。

　　一般在時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)完成。如4）。在如：
He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there.
No one is to leave the room until he has done the task.
但注意特殊句型中的時(shí)態(tài)，如：
hardly/scarcely …when…
no sooner… than…
Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.
No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink.

Self-practice
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們做《語(yǔ)法分冊(cè)》第五章 第六節(jié)進(jìn)行自我訓(xùn)練。

Test Yourself
剛才我們一起分析了時(shí)態(tài)的考查特點(diǎn)和答題時(shí)應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)，現(xiàn)在我們一起來(lái)看一下語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查。語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查一般都與時(shí)態(tài)的考查相結(jié)合。在解語(yǔ)態(tài)題的同時(shí)必須考慮時(shí)態(tài)的因素。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們先做以下下列各題：
1) The last half of the nineteenth century ____ the steady improvement in the means of travel.(1998.6)
A. has witnessed 　　B. was witnessed 　　C. witnessed 　　D. is witnessed

2) The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts ____.(19995.1)
A. are producing 　　B. are produced 　　C. produced 　　D. being produced

3) This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ____ comfortably.
A. is worn 　　B. wears 　　C. wearing 　　D. are worn (2000.1)

4) The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ____ and perfected now.(1996.1)
A. developed 　　B. have developed 　　C. are being developed 　　D. will have been developed

5) Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it that much of his collection ____ to the nation.(1996.6)
A. has left 　　B. is to leave 　　C. leaves 　　D. is to be left

6) As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ____.(1997.6)
A. ought to be said 　　B. must say 　　C. have to be said 　　D. need to say

7) Once environment damage ____, it takes many years for the system to recover.(1997.6)
A. has done 　　B. is to do 　　C. does 　　D. is done

Explanation and Expansion
A. 參考答案：1）C 2） B 3） B 4） C 5） D 6） A 7）D
B. 評(píng)析
① 是否可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主要看謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系，如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系自然用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

② 注意被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成，但四級(jí)考試中沒(méi)有正誤結(jié)構(gòu)的判斷，考生只需要根據(jù)上下文判斷出該用什么時(shí)態(tài)即可。

③ 不及物動(dòng)詞不可能有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但及物動(dòng)詞也未必有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，主要是看句子側(cè)重表達(dá)的概念，如3題中wear表示眼鏡的特點(diǎn)，不可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。在如：
This kind of software sells well.
It being too cold, the car wouldn't start.
won't wouldn't表示"拒絕"謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)形式。

④ 注意含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)，以及類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，如have to be done, used to be done, be said to be done, be to be done。把握各種結(jié)構(gòu)表示的意思。然后就是根據(jù)具體的上下文選擇適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞或時(shí)態(tài)的問(wèn)題。
Self-practice

　　好，剛才我們一起了解了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查特點(diǎn)和解題注意事項(xiàng)，下面請(qǐng)同學(xué)們請(qǐng)做《語(yǔ)法分冊(cè)》第六章 第四節(jié) 自我訓(xùn)練題。