翻譯作為語言聽、說、讀、寫、譯五大能力之一,新大綱就六級階段的要求提出,學生應“能借助詞典將難度略低于課文的英語短文譯成漢語,理解正確、譯文達意,譯速為每小時350個英語單詞。能借助詞典將內(nèi)容熟悉的漢語文字材料譯成英語,譯文達意,無重大語言錯誤,譯速為每小時300個漢字!庇⒆g漢是1996年大學英語考試委員會公布的第一批新題型中的一類,屬主觀題,該題型從屬于閱讀理解部分,從閱讀理解的四篇短文中選取5個片斷,大部分是一個較長、較復雜的句子,但有時也有2-3個句子組成的一個段落或片斷。要求考生在15分鐘內(nèi)將該5題譯成漢語,占分10%,每題2分。根據(jù)指令提示,翻譯時還可回到前面參閱所譯句子的有關(guān)上下文。
兩種語言的對譯講究的是“信、達、雅”,這是翻譯題評分的基本原則!靶拧奔粗覍嵱谠;“達”即達意,即譯文與原文的語義上的一致或等同,這是評分的重要原則,考生是否理解了原文,是否忠實于原文,都要根據(jù)譯文的內(nèi)容來作評判,所以“達”是根本?荚囈饬x上的翻譯對“雅”的要求不同于文學翻譯,要求并不太高,只是譯文應通順流暢,符合譯文語言的表達習慣。
一、英譯漢樣題、參考答案及評分標準
英譯漢題型有詳細、具體的評分標準,每道題的2分被統(tǒng)一細化為四個0.5分,三個0.5用以判給題中的三個語言點,即每題就語言而言有三個得分點,一個0.5分判給整句譯文的語言結(jié)構(gòu)是否通順流暢、符合漢語習慣。
二、答題要點與真題解析
英譯漢必須以理解原文為前提,而短文中句子或段落片段的翻譯還必須基于對原文上下文的理解,所以英譯漢試題解題的第一要點是:
正確理解短文,精確理解所譯部分,準確分析該部分的句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表意邏輯關(guān)系。要將一道英譯漢題做好,必須精確地理解所需翻譯的那部分句子,而精確的理解必須以正確理解短文為前提,有時還須準確地對有關(guān)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)作語法分析,同時,還必須理清該部分在語意方面有幾個層次及各層次間的先后關(guān)系。
在準確理解原文后,要注意正確、恰當?shù)赜脻h語將原文各層次的語意以與原來相同的先后關(guān)系表達出來,這又需要了解一些譯文處理技巧,要不然,在英語的影響下,你的譯文形似漢語,讀起來仍“洋味十足”。所以解答漢譯英的第二要點是:學會用符合習慣的標準漢語表述原文。幾種在翻譯中經(jīng)常用到的避免英式漢語的方法是:
(1)拆譯法。選作英譯漢試題的英語句子通常都較復雜,往往從句套從句,翻成譯語要把這些從句拆開,翻成一句句相對獨立的漢語句子——這么做使理清各語意層次的先后關(guān)系顯得非常重要。
(2)合譯法。英語中定語從句、同位語從句及用作定語的介詞短語、分詞短語和不定短語常后置在名詞中心詞之后,翻譯時有時需要將這些后置修飾語合并到名詞中心詞的前置定語之中。
(3)重組法。英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)越復雜,與以短句為特點的漢語表達習慣的差距越大,這時需要采用重組概念,改變一種角度,對原文各層次的語意進行重組,以恰到好處、通順地道的漢語正確表達原文的信息。根據(jù)英譯漢評分標準,每道題有四個得分點,所以在英譯漢答題時,還要注意第三點:
分析原文各題的得分點,重點理解,重點表達。從樣題及歷年英譯漢真題實例中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),得分點一般都是一些特定的短語、句式或與短文要點密切相關(guān)的重要詞語。對于原文中的這些語言點,考生必須結(jié)合上下文反復琢磨,求得理解上的準確,而后通過上面介紹的幾種翻譯處理技巧,恰當?shù)貙⑺鼈冇脻h語表達出來。以下是英譯漢真題實例解析。
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
(S1) British universities, groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers, are warning that the tradition of a free education is at risk.The universities have threatened to impose an admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks.
The government responded to the universities threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation, under a non-party troubleshooter(麻煩調(diào)解人),Sir Ron Dearing.
One in three school-leavers enters higher education,five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago.
Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money, but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayers and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.
Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain.Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearing’s advice, hoping it will not be too late——some already reported to be in financial diffculty. As the century nears its end, the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope.Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms, talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to students as consumers.
The Confederation(聯(lián)盟)of British Industry, the key employers’ organization, wants even more expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies.But the government has doubts about more expansion. (S2)The Times newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to mass production methods more typical of European universities.
1.The chief concern of British universities is ____.
A)how to tackle their present financial difficulty B)how to expand the enrollment to meet the needs of enterprisesC)how to improve their educational technology D)how to put an end to the current tendency of quality deterioration
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