議論文的思路與練習(xí)

　　關(guān)于記敘文的思路打開，我這里推薦幾種方法：

　　1. 生活化細(xì)節(jié)聯(lián)想法

　　針對大多數(shù)相對抽象不好下手的作文題目，我們可以先把作文題同自身聯(lián)系到一起，把抽象、概括的作文題細(xì)化到自己身邊，先打開一個(gè)突破口，再順藤摸瓜，進(jìn)行發(fā)散式聯(lián)想。請看例子：

　　What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?

　　題目的主體是快餐，方向?yàn)槔�弊處。先不要考慮快餐是好是壞，而應(yīng)該先考慮你身邊的、你知道的快餐究竟有哪些，這些快餐給你或你的家人帶來了哪些影響。請看一位同學(xué)記錄下來的思路。請注意其跳躍性。

　　2. 逆向思維聯(lián)想法

　　有一些題目從正面不好羅列素材，總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)，我們可以從命題的對立面去思考問題，這樣往往可以達(dá)到意想不到的收獲。如果問題是一個(gè)東西有什么樣的好處，也許這個(gè)東西是日常生活中常見的東西，我們早已對其失去了敏感，這個(gè)時(shí)候不妨想一想如果失去了這個(gè)東西，我們的生活會(huì)受到哪些影響。試舉一例：

　　In 1995, an Englishman killed a burglar who broke into his house. He was sentenced. Do you think he should be sentenced? How can we protect our property?

　　文章的關(guān)鍵在于How can we protect our properties?

　　3.分類思考法

　　為了盡快地幫助同學(xué)們在盡可能短的時(shí)間里熟悉四級作文的命題思路，以及在短時(shí)間內(nèi)能夠找到合適的論述理由，我們通過分析歷年四級考試真題并研究了命題方向，在此基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)了四級作文通用的十大思考方向，很多題目要求考生分析某一現(xiàn)象發(fā)生原因或可能產(chǎn)生的影響，我們不妨從以下十個(gè)方向進(jìn)行思考，打開思路：

　　1) 方便：convenient, convenience

　　相關(guān)話題：computer, internet，出外吃飯，電話，城市生活，例如：

　　The Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning.

　　Advertisements can bring convenience to people’s lives.

　　Modern means of transportation make it very convenient for people to travel far or near, thus saving a lot of time and energy.

　　2) 效率：efficient, efficiently, efficiency

　　相關(guān)話題：計(jì)算機(jī)和高科技(high-tech devices)減輕了體力勞動(dòng)(manual labor)，解放了人類(liberate humans)，讓人們有更多的時(shí)間從事其他的事情(more time are spent on other necessary matters)等，例如：

　　Advertisements build an efficient and direct link between manufacturers and customers.

　　Modern science and technology make our lives more efficient. A phone call, an e-mail or a fax can all bring people closer and make the world smaller.

　　3) 節(jié)省和浪費(fèi)：save time, save money, save space, economical, frugal, frugality; thrift, thrifty waste timemoneyspace, costly, time-consuming, lavish, 例如：

　　This will help them realize that it is not easy to make money and form the good habit of frugality.

　　There are many other ways for people to know commodities, so it is a waste to invest large sums of money in making advertisements on TV.

　　As for the young and middle-aged, they should make better use of their prime years instead of spending so much time raising pets.

　　It’s a costly and time-consuming hobby. China is a developing country and many people are still below the poverty line. Some children of the right age in poverty-stricken areas can’t afford to go to school.

　　… will be great extravagance of time, energy and money.

　　4) 心理與性格：mental health, spiritual health, psychological health, personality, character

　　好的性格 independent, independence, independently, cooperate, cooperative, cooperation, compete, competitive, competition, team spirit, considerate, confident, confidence, confidently, ambition, ambitious, individuality, tolerance, sociable, perseverance, deal with/solve problems by themselves (independent), optimistic

　　壞的性格 overbearing(專橫的，傲慢的), selfish, conservative, isolated, conceited(自以為是的), egotistic(自我本位的), arrogant, domineering(作威作福的)，overzealous(過分熱心的)，nihilist(虛無主義的)，opportunistic(機(jī)會(huì)主義的)，pessimistic

　　性格的養(yǎng)成：cultivate, foster, develop, encourage, enrich, improve, enhance

　　例如：

　　Taking a part-time job can help cultivate independence and develop a strong sense of responsibility.

　　It will help foster a sense of competition and cooperation, which is quite necessary in one’s future career.

　　Working outside campus can enhance one’s social awareness and help one become more socially adaptable. With this, students are able to keep pace with the outside world.

　　It will do good for building up one’s confidence and offer one a sense of achievement because one can realize his value and capability.

　　Through this experience, students can learn to cooperate and compromise and master interpersonal skills needed for future success.

　　5) 豐富的生活：pleasure, joy, recreation, entertain, entertaining, entertainment, leisure time, interesting, relax, relaxed, relaxation. 對立面：dull, monotonous, tired, bored, tiredness, boring, tiring, fatigue, lonely, loneliness, weary, weariness, too much stress from work(工作壓力大)，leisure time(業(yè)余時(shí)間增多)，例如：

　　Gazing at the cold flickering screen is a disinteresting and tiring experience. It is not a good way to relax.

　　Some advertisements are of high artistic value, original and well designed; therefore they add to the beauty of our lives.

　　Raising pets is beneficial and joyful.

　　6) 環(huán)境：environment, environmental, pollute, polluted, pollution, pollutant, poisonous, contaminate, contamination, contaminated, contaminant, dirty, hygiene(衛(wèi)生)，nature(自然)、on good terms with(和諧相處)，ruin, destroy(破壞)，例如：

　　Some leaflets and handouts are scattered here and there, polluting the environment.

　　Some people are destroying our earth by overexploiting the natural resources for immediate interests.

　　Too many cars running on the streets lead to air pollution and noise pollution.

　　By using the Internet, we can save our natural resources such as forests. It is much more environmentally friendly. The traditional form of books consumes too much wood.

　　7) 身體健康：health, physical health, healthy, disease, strong, strength, energetic, energetically，physical fitness(健身)，raised awareness of fitness(健康意識的提高)，例如：

　　Too much viewing of TV will lead people to a sedentary life lacking adequate exercise, which does harm to their health.

　　Some people may be addicted to netsurfing, which impairs people’s physical and mental health. (eyesight, radiation)

　　8) 安全和危險(xiǎn)：safe, safety, safely, in safe, danger, dangerous, in danger, risk, hazard, hazardous

　　9) 經(jīng)驗(yàn)：experience, social experience

　　10) 發(fā)展：

　　學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步：

　　cope with the relationship between part-time jobs and study(大學(xué)生能否兼顧學(xué)習(xí)與工作)，practice(如何學(xué)習(xí)與實(shí)踐)，be prepared for or meet the requirements of future occupations(如何面對未來職業(yè)的要求)。

　　經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展：

　　economy, create more jobs, increase the tax base, improve society’s welfare，the reform and open-up policies(改革開放政策)，economic construction(經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè))，market economy(市場經(jīng)濟(jì))，sustainable development(可持續(xù)發(fā)展)，social atmosphere(良好的社會(huì)風(fēng)氣)，social stability(社會(huì)穩(wěn)定)，public order(社會(huì)治安)，social changes or transformations(社會(huì)變革)，ideas or thoughts(人們的思想觀念)。

　　This exerts a negative impact on one’s study because … occupies much of a student’s valuable time. A student’s sole task is to make good use of his limited time to acquire knowledge and skills which are essential to his future career.

　　Part-time jobs may take up most of students’ valuable time for study and have a pernicious(有害的)effect on their study and overall development.

　　It helps develop the economy, because it helps remove the obstacles in the way of progress and liberate people’s minds.

　　(新變化，新科技)… created more jobs to release the pressure of unemployment.

　　… helps to improve the economic strength.

　　我們今天不妨介紹幾種簡單易行的打開思路的法子，并不深邃，但卻簡單易行，易于考生們操作：

　　1. 分組思考法：

　　在考慮某種現(xiàn)象的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)或影響的時(shí)候，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)從這種現(xiàn)象本身無法打開思路，不妨從它的受眾去考慮。

　　例如在討論網(wǎng)絡(luò)的有缺點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，我們可以從網(wǎng)絡(luò)的受眾入手，把網(wǎng)絡(luò)的使用者按照年齡分為：小孩、中青年和老人。分別討論網(wǎng)絡(luò)對他們的影響，對小孩：增進(jìn)知識;對中青年：方便、有效率;對老年人：豐富生活。這樣在寫作的時(shí)候也比較容易，更會(huì)讓文章顯得條理清晰。當(dāng)然，分組的原則除了年齡外，還有好多別的選擇，如職業(yè)、性別、國別等等。

　　2. 分層思考法

　　分層思考法和分組思考法原則很類似，只是劃分的方法是按照層次的不同。

　　例如：在討論如何解決全球性缺水的問題的時(shí)候，我們可以把解決方法分為：1)政府應(yīng)該怎么做：制定相關(guān)法律;2)社會(huì)應(yīng)該怎么辦：鼓勵(lì)節(jié)約用水的精神;3)個(gè)人——我，該怎么辦：千里之行，始于足下，從我做起。當(dāng)然也可以有另外的一些分層方法。

　　3. 舉例說明法：

　　四級考試的考生都是成年人，很多是大學(xué)生，而且四級考試的題材多是和大家的生活相關(guān)的，所以有的時(shí)候用我們生活當(dāng)中的例子來說明再好不過了。而且有些作文明確要求考生舉例說明。

　　這里我們列出一些經(jīng)常用到的句子，希望對大家有所幫助：

　　For example,

　　For instance,

　　It can be given as a concrete example that…

　　Take… as an example. It is a very obvious case.

　　There is one impressive example I want to mention here.

　　Let’s see an example.

　　It is best illustrated using the following example.

　　Let me provide an example.

　　Perhaps the most important example of …is that…

　　As I remember,/ Even to this day, I still remember that…

　　I will never forget…

　　To illustrate this, there is an example that is very persuasive.

　　An instance that accompanies this reason is that…

　　An example can give the details of this argument, …

　　It is a forceful example to demonstrate the importance of…

　　History presented many examples of…

　　In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example.

　　希望以上這些 英語四級寫作模板 對廣大考生有幫助。

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