推薦：超精讀——全面提升英語閱讀能力

第三步：總結(jié)文章中的好的短句、長難句、考點句；總結(jié)文章中句子如何開頭，句子之間的關(guān)系、銜接，段落之間的銜接，并記憶和運(yùn)用可以在作文中使用的句型。

例1：He is a big spender. 他花錢大手大腳。

運(yùn)用：Many young adults are big spenders. 許多年輕人花錢大手大腳。

例2：1949 witnessed the liberation of China.

運(yùn)用：The dawn of the new century witnessed the increasing popularity of the web.

中國人寫英文句子多喜歡用第一人稱開頭，寫作文時候開頭也缺乏變化。所以平時在超精讀時仔細(xì)研究文章中的句子是如何開頭是很有必要的。

例3：He got off the plane. Reporters surrounded him. 這兩個句子沒有語法問題，但放在一起就顯得缺乏連貫性。如果改成He got off the plane and was surrounded by reporters 或者He got off the plane. And he was surrounded by reporters 就可以了。所以平時要多研究英文句子是如何銜接的。

例4：2002年6月六級閱讀第二篇

(29) Our obsession (迷戀) with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. ……

以上是某一段第一句話，請注意also銜接兩段的作用。

29. The author criticizes women's obsession with thinness __________.
[定位與替換] 本題詢問作者是如何批評婦女對瘦的著迷的。由關(guān)鍵詞obsession with thinness定位到第五段第一句。但該句只給出了部分答案。注意also這個詞，表明人們對瘦的迷戀還有原因，應(yīng)該在上面一段。 第四段說瘦現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是新的優(yōu)點的標(biāo)志。帶來的結(jié)果是肥胖被認(rèn)為是不好的，因為肥胖意味著缺乏精神力量。整個社會以瘦為美，作者對人們迷戀瘦是因為社會風(fēng)氣使然，這是從社會的角度。 第五段第一句的話說，我們對瘦的迷戀部分原因是我們對健康的關(guān)注另外，從文中可以看出作者是從醫(yī)學(xué)的觀點來說明疾病不一定是和體重有關(guān)，太迷戀瘦也有可能造成對健康的損害。所以本題應(yīng)該選B) from sociological and medical points of view從社會學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)的角度。解答本題需要整合兩段內(nèi)容，并具有概括能力。

例5：2001年6月四級第四篇

We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, Instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline（衰退）when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).　  

第一段中有三個句型可以在圖表作文中應(yīng)用：

1. instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity. 

我們可以這樣模仿：the mobile phone has grown rapidly in popularity.

2. sales leveled off.

或者也可以這樣說:sales remained constant / steady / stable / much the same

3. sales went into a slight decline.
或者也可以這樣說: sales declined slightly / 如果下降幅度大可以說sales declined dramatically / substantially / sharply / greatly / hugely.

第四步：總結(jié)文章主要討論對象、關(guān)鍵詞，作者、專家的觀點以及語篇及段落發(fā)展模式。對考試類文章而言，還要總結(jié)文章的考點、題目的定位、答案的替換、正確和干擾項的規(guī)律、特征。

例1：請大家參考我對2005年1月六級閱讀第三篇的解析：

Passage Three

 (31) Throughout the nation's more than 15,000 school districts, widely differing approaches to teaching science and math have emerged. Though there can be strength in diversity, a new international analysis suggests that this variability has instead contributed to lackluster (平淡的) achievement scores by U.S. children relative to their peers in other developed countries.（注意本段的differing / diversity / variability幾個同義替換，表明本段強(qiáng)調(diào)了美國各個地區(qū)的科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)教育差異很大〈多樣性，多元化〉的事實。文章第二句，作者話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，盡管多元化有好處，但有分析表明這導(dǎo)致了美國的孩子與其它發(fā)達(dá)國家的同齡人相比，學(xué)習(xí)成績比較平淡。這一句提出了美國教育存在的問題，預(yù)測后文可能會作詳細(xì)闡述或提出解決問題的辦法，注意這都是可能的考點。平時復(fù)習(xí)時一定要培養(yǎng)自己歸納、預(yù)測原文的能力！）

31. According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is _______.

[定位與替換] 本題問美國的科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)的狀況。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞teaching of science and math定位到原文第一段。選B) characterized by its diversity以多樣性為特點。解題的重點在準(zhǔn)確判斷第一段所強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。

[干擾項分析] A) focused on tapping students' potential集中開發(fā)學(xué)生的潛力，文中無信息支持；C) losing its vitality gradually逐步失去活力，D) going downhill in recent years最近幾年走下坡路，文章雖指出了美國的教育體系有缺陷，但并未說其失去活力或走下坡路，故不應(yīng)選C、D。

Indeed, concludes William H. Schmidt of Michigan State University, who led the new analysis, "no single intellectually coherent vision dominates U.S. educational practice in math or science.'' The reason, he said, "is because the system is deeply and fundamentally flawed." （Indeed, 在這里是加強(qiáng)語氣，“確實”的意思，經(jīng)常在文章中引出作者或者專家的重要觀點。專家Schmidt的結(jié)論：美國數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)的教育實踐缺乏連貫一致的知識觀念，原因是這個體系有深刻和根本的缺陷。到底是什么缺陷呢？這里專家只是作了抽象的概括，下文中可能會詳細(xì)闡述。注意coherent和第一段diversity是反義詞。）

The new analysis, released this week by the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Va., is based on data collected from about 50 nations as part of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study.（本段不是很重要，主要講這個分析是基于50個國家的數(shù)據(jù)。）

Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds (= the new analysis), but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school district’s curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers' activities.（Not only … , but …倒裝強(qiáng)調(diào)句，語意重心在but后面的內(nèi)容：美國的各個學(xué)區(qū)在課程等方面缺乏戰(zhàn)略重點。the report finds是插入語）(32) This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries.（這與大部分其它國家的協(xié)調(diào)的國家計劃形成鮮明對比，是作者的結(jié)論句。This指代上面一句的意思，也即美國人的做法。這里也是一個重要的對比考點。）

32. The fundamental flaw of American school education is that ________.

[定位與替換]本題是問美國學(xué)校教育的根本缺陷是什么。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞fundamental flaw可定位到原文第二段，但答案并不在其中（而是在第四段）。根據(jù)對文章的分析，應(yīng)該選A) it lacks a coordinated national program美國學(xué)校教育缺乏一個協(xié)調(diào)一致的全國性計劃。答案是從第四段This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries. 推得的。本題解題的關(guān)鍵是跨段整合內(nèi)容。

[干擾項分析] B) it sets a very low academic standard for students它對學(xué)生設(shè)定了非常低的學(xué)術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，文中無內(nèi)容支持（只是說美國學(xué)生學(xué)的多而不精）；C) it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachers它非常依賴各個教師的主動性，文中無信息支持；D) it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects 它太重視學(xué)校課程的深入學(xué)習(xí)，與文章內(nèi)容相反，如果選項是attach too much importance to extensive, but not intensive, study of school subjects 才符合原文。

(33) On average, U.S. students study more topics within science and math than their international counterparts do. This creates an educational environment that "is a mile wide and an inch deep," Schmidt notes. （出現(xiàn)比較級時應(yīng)高度關(guān)注。第二句This指代第一句陳述的事實：平均說來，與國際同齡人相比，美國學(xué)生在科學(xué)與數(shù)學(xué)方面要學(xué)習(xí)更多的科目。A mile wide and an inch deep屬于形象用法、比喻考點。）

For instance, eighth graders in the United States cover about 33 topics in math versus just 19 in Japan. Among science courses, the international gap is even wider.（作者接著舉例說明美國的教育環(huán)境是a mile wide and an inch deep。）U.S. curricula for this age level resemble those of a small group of countries including Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Bulgaria. Schmidt asks whether the United States wants to be classed with these nations, whose educational systems "share our pattern of splintered (支離破碎的) visions" but which are not economic leaders.

33. By saying that the U.S. educational environment is "a mile wide and an inch deep" (Line 2, Para. 5), the author means U.S. educational practice ________.

[定位與替換] 本題問作者對美國教育實踐的看法。根據(jù)上面兩段This指代的事實以及For instance后對a mile wide and an inch deep的進(jìn)一步解釋可以看出，美國教育注重所開科目的廣度而不重視深度，所以選D) scratches the surface of a wide range of topics只觸及了許多科目的表面。另外，education environment = educational practice。解題的關(guān)鍵是要跨段整合內(nèi)容，并準(zhǔn)確地識別指代和例證的含義。

[干擾項分析] A) lays stress on quality at the expense of quantity犧牲數(shù)量來強(qiáng)調(diào)質(zhì)量，和文中內(nèi)容相反；B) offers an environment for comprehensive education為全面綜合教育提供了環(huán)境，文中只提到科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)教育，并未出現(xiàn)全面綜合教育的概念；C) encourages learning both in depth and in scope鼓勵既深入又廣泛地學(xué)習(xí)，這只是美國教育改革的方向，與原文內(nèi)容不一致。

The new report "couldn't come at a better time," says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association in Arlington.（本句是某個專家對the new report所作的評價。文章中出現(xiàn)概括性評價之后一般都會作進(jìn)一步的解釋說明、原因分析等，這是命題者較喜歡的考點。）（34）"The new National Science Education Standards provide that focused vision," including the call "to do less, but in greater depth." （The new National Education Standards和The new report屬于同義概念。）

34. The new National Science Education Standards are good news in that they will ________.

[定位與替換]本題問新的全國科學(xué)教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是個好消息的原因。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞The new National Education Standards和good news, 定位到第七段，本題所問的原因在第二句，注意but引起的強(qiáng)調(diào)，故選A) provide depth to school science education使學(xué)校的科學(xué)教育具有深度。解題的關(guān)鍵在于識別句子之間的關(guān)系。

[干擾項分析] B) solve most of the problems in school teaching解決學(xué)校教學(xué)的大部分問題，歪曲并夸張了文章原意；C) be able to meet the demands of the community能夠滿足社區(qū)需求，文中未提及，因為新的全國科學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是為了彌補(bǔ)教育體制的缺陷而制定的；D) quickly dominate U.S. educational practice迅速在美國的教育實踐中處于支配地位，文中也未提及，而是指出了實現(xiàn)這個新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將面臨挑戰(zhàn)。

(35) Implementing the new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time.（…因為美國的教育責(zé)任是分散的，它要求任何一項改革只能一次一個社區(qū)地量身定制。he and Schmidt agree是插入語，而且是專家觀點標(biāo)志詞，緊接著闡述了Implementing the new standards… will be the challenge的原因，考點設(shè)置和34題如出一轍，但相對簡單，因為because是明顯的因果關(guān)系考點標(biāo)志詞。）

In fact, Schmidt argues, reforms such as these proposed national standards "face an almost impossible task, because even though they are intellectually coherent, each becomes only one more voice in the babble (嘈雜聲)."

35. Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because ________.

[定位與替換] 本題問實施新的科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將會遇到困難的原因。put sth. into practice = implement, will prove difficult = will be the challenge, 所以本題可準(zhǔn)確定位到倒數(shù)第二段，最后選C) school districts are responsible for making their own decisions學(xué)區(qū)對自己的決定負(fù)責(zé)。該選項表達(dá)了文中“責(zé)任分散”的意思。

[干擾項分析] A) there is always controversy in educational circles在教育界一直存在爭論，B) not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing so沒有足夠的教育者意識到這樣做的重要性，D) many schoolteachers challenge the acceptability of these standards許多學(xué)校老師質(zhì)疑這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的可接受性，這三個選項文中均無信息支持。

例2、2000年1月四級閱讀第二篇

Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half.  However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.

30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?

A)      They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.

B)      They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.

C)      They are falling out of use in the United States.

D)      They are applicable only on broad roads

請用心體會initially 這個詞的內(nèi)涵，其實，你一看到這個詞，就應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確predict后面可能會有考點，而且肯定會出現(xiàn)but, however, ultimately 一類的轉(zhuǎn)折、對比詞。答案B)。

例3、六級2001年6月閱讀第二篇

For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. ……

Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before.

Today Mars looms as humanity’s next great terra incognita.  And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet’s reddish surface.  Could it be science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at least destined to take a leading role? ……

With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. …..

36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past was_____ .

A) to display their country’s military might

B) to accomplish some significant science

C) to find new areas for colonization

D) to pursue commercial and state interests

37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is _____ .

A) international cooperation                                              B) nationalistic reasons

C) scientific research                                                    D) long-term profits

注意：economic / commercial / financial / profit ; nationalistic / political / military / cold war / nationalism;  science / scientist/ scientific 都是近義詞或同一范疇的詞，也就閱讀文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的同義換詞現(xiàn)象。如果一個詞的同義詞、相關(guān)詞在一篇文章中多次重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，必定是這篇文章的強(qiáng)調(diào)的地方，必定和考題相關(guān)。另外，請注意這兩道題的考法，先考過去，再考現(xiàn)在，一個是was, 一個是is。答案D,C。

例4、考研2004年 Text 1

Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet.  He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.  It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then emails them when a matching position is posted in the database.

….

Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return.  When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs – those it considers the best matches.  There maybe more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them – and they do.

44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?

A)      To focus on better job matches.

B)      To attract more returning visits.

C)      To reserve space for more messages.

D)      To increase the rate of success.

請注意下面句中them是指代什么：then emails them when a matching position is posted in the database.   有的輔導(dǎo)書上是這么翻譯的：然后給網(wǎng)上貼出的對應(yīng)崗位發(fā)個郵件/ 當(dāng)…時，你就通過EMAIL給這些人寄去相關(guān)的資料。其實，這里them指visitors。比如說你訪問某個求職網(wǎng)站，登記了你的要求，那么該網(wǎng)站可能會根據(jù)你的要求給你發(fā)email通知你，這就是所謂的interactive feature.

44題答案B,  實際上考的是一個例證題，但是表面上不很容易看出來，這就是考研難的地方。如果你平時注意分析第一句話和后面句子的關(guān)系，那么你就會知道， 例證題的答案經(jīng)常指向段落第一句話。答案中attract替換原文tempt。如果你在解題的時候只注意后面幾句話，就可能會做錯答案或者速度慢了。

例五、考研2002年 Text 4

The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects – a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen – is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that_____ .

A)      doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain

B)      it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives

C)      the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide

D)      patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

答案B, 這幾段里有不少和法律相關(guān)單詞可以學(xué)習(xí)，比如constitutional / rule / supreme court, rule 這個詞在這里是裁決的意思，很多死背詞匯書的同學(xué)考試中就不一定能夠反應(yīng)出這個意思。這道題目的干擾項之一C很有意思，大家有沒有注意到strongly這個詞，這個選項就錯在這里。請看一下第二段Although這句話， 體會一下這句話的內(nèi)涵（盡管，但是），這句話的內(nèi)涵是最高法院盡管認(rèn)為醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺是非法的，是持反對態(tài)度的，但并不是強(qiáng)烈反對！ 所以大家在做題的時候一定要注意選項中的形容詞和副詞等限定詞，這些地方經(jīng)常是陷阱，同樣文章中出現(xiàn)這類詞匯也需要高度警惕。