新東方：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試短文寫作精講

　　(二)段落的銜接

　　Connective words or phrases can be used point out the thought relationship between sentences. Here is a list of some commonly used connectives:

　　1) 表示列舉或次序：first, firstly, first of all, above all, to begin with, in the first place, for one thing; second, secondly, in the second place, for another; finally, last but not least

　　2) 表示遞進(jìn)：besides, plus, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, more important, most important

　　3) 表示舉例：for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, to illustrate, such as(介)…

　　4) 表示對(duì)比：similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally important; on the contrary, conversely, in contrast, by contrast, on the other hand, otherwise, whereas(連)

　　5) 表示讓步：though/although(連), even though(連), in spite of(介), despite(介), it is true that(連), admittedly,

　　6) 表示轉(zhuǎn)折：but, yet, however, nevertheless, instead

　　7) 表示原因：because(連), as(連), since(連), for(連), because of(介), owing to(介), due to(介), on account of(介), as a result of(介)

　　8) 表示結(jié)果：so(連), thus, consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly, as a result, as a consequence, on that account

　　9) 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：in fact, actually, indeed, certainly, chiefly, especially, particularly,

　　10) 表示總結(jié)：in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude

　　Exercises

　　1. Choose proper connective expressions from the list given below to fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs:

　　although but instead then first (of all)

　　second third fourth finally furthermore

　　consequently once sometimes at other times in contrast

　　for example in addition

　　1) European universities and universities in the United States are different in many ways. , European students enroll in fewer courses each term than United States students do. , European students seldom live at a university. , they live at home and travel to classes. , most European courses are given by professors who lecture to their classes. , United States professors often ask their students questions or allow their students to form discussion groups. , European professors ask students to write fewer papers than United States professors do. , European students’ final examinations are usually oral, whereas American students take written final examinations. , a European university is mainly a place to study. At most United States universities, social activities take up a large part of the students’ time.

　　2) Perhaps the most unforgettable person I have ever met is 2Prof. Smith who taught us philosophy at university. I last met him eight years ago, I still remember his special qualities most distinctively. , I was impressed by his devotion to teaching. Because his lectures were always well-prepared and clearly delivered, students swarmed into his classroom. His followers appreciate the fact that he believed in what he taught and that he was intellectually stimulating. , he could be counted on to explain his ideas in an imaginative way, introducing such aids to understanding as paintings, recordings, pieces of sculpture and guest lecturers. He even sang a song in class to illustrate a point. , I admired the fact that he would meet with students outside of the classroom or talk to them on the telephone. He would challenge a student to a game of chess. , he would join groups to discuss subjects ranging from astronomy to pop music. , I was attracted by his lively wit. He believed that no class hour is a success unless the students and the professor share several chuckles and at least one loud laugh. Through his sense of humor, he made learning more enjoyable and more lasting. If it is true that life makes a wise man smile and a foolish man cry, Prof. Smith is truly a wise man.

　　2. Now fill in the blanks with coordinating conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs:

　　My friend Jones is not a practical person. One evening, when he was driving along a main road, he suddenly had a flat tyre. He was very worried, he did not have a spare wheel in the back of his car. He had to ask for help, he waved to passing cars and lorries. Dozens of cars and lorries passed, not one of them stopped. He had covered only a hundred miles or so, he still had more than three hundred miles to go. It was getting darker and darker, he was almost in despair. He waved for an hour. At last, he waved to a car just like his own. To his surprise, the car actually stopped a well-dressed young woman got out. Jones was disappointed. How could a person like this possibly help him? The lady, , offered him her own spare wheel, Jones had to explain that he had never changed a car in his life. She set to work at once fitted the wheel in a few minutes while Jones looked on in admiration.

　　3. Rewrite the following passage by adding connective words where necessary. Many structures will have to be changed and you will probably not keep the same number of sentences. Here are some of the connective words you may find useful:

　　then however the only result

　　and but although

　　when yet so

　　That’s how instead

　　Television was invented by John Logie Baird. When he was young he built an aeroplane. He tried to fly in it. It crashed down below. Baird was fortunate not to be killed. It did not discourage him. When he was older he tried to make diamonds from coal. There was an enormous explosion. He was not injured. He became a businessman. His business failed. He thought of working at television. His family advised him not to. He did not listen to them. He rented an attic. He bought the apparatus he needed. He started working. He worked for a long time. He was not successful. One day he saw a picture on his screen. He rushed out to get someone he could “televise”. He found an office boy. He took him back to his room. No image of the boy appeared on his screen. The boy, terrified, had put his head down. He put it up again. His picture appeared on the screen. Television had been discovered.

　　4. Combining sentences with subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns

　　In the United Stated there is a belief. It goes that people are rewarded for working, producing, and achieving. Many people believe that there is equality of opportunity. It allows anyone to become successful. This belief is illustrated by stories written by a nineteenth-century American novelist, Horatio Alger. He wrote about the “American Dream”. In his stories he described poor people. They became rich because of their hard work, honesty, and luck. The stories reinforced the idea. The idea is that all individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy as long as they were honest and hard-working. For many Americans, however, Horatio Alger’s “rags-to-riches” stories do not represent the reality of opportunity. Many poor immigrants were able to become rich. They came to the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Today, however, the poor generally do not rise to the middle and upper classes. That is why the “American Dream” is now described as a myth.

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