3)常用的展開(kāi)方法。六級(jí)考試作文雖然分有記敘文、描寫文、說(shuō)明文、論述文等不同體裁,但是作文行文通常的展開(kāi)方法總體有如下幾種:對(duì)比法、因果法、列舉法、概述法和議論法。根據(jù)不同的題材你可以選擇使用不同的展開(kāi)方法,也可以同時(shí)使用幾種。對(duì)于敘述已發(fā)生的事情或描述景物、建筑、環(huán)境的文章,一般是按時(shí)間或空間的順序展開(kāi),這個(gè)類型比較簡(jiǎn)單,而且在六級(jí)作文中我認(rèn)為并不常見(jiàn),所以就不詳細(xì)介紹了。
A.對(duì)比法:對(duì)比法在段落的展開(kāi)中是最常用的,就是將不同的現(xiàn)象、觀點(diǎn)、看法等進(jìn)行比較。對(duì)比的雙方可能是沒(méi)有利害沖突的,也可能是互相對(duì)立的。比如說(shuō)my view on job—hopping,在提示中它就指出有些人喜歡始終從事一種工作,有些人喜歡經(jīng)常更換工作,要你通過(guò)對(duì)比不同的想法而得出自己對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的看法,一般來(lái)說(shuō)都是要你將兩種看法綜合一下,以適應(yīng)不同的情景。你可以說(shuō):有些工作需要長(zhǎng)時(shí)間經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累才能有所成就,而且如果是興趣所在我會(huì)一直堅(jiān)持從事該項(xiàng)工作,比如記者;而就同種性質(zhì)的工作,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間在一個(gè)環(huán)境里會(huì)喪失工作的積極性和了解全局的眼光。因此我也會(huì)適當(dāng)?shù)目紤]轉(zhuǎn)換工作環(huán)境,比如說(shuō)仍然當(dāng)記者但換一家報(bào)社或電臺(tái)。還有一種對(duì)比法對(duì)比雙方是完全對(duì)立的,那一般是優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的比較。比如“摩托車的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)”,然后讓你談?wù)剬?duì)我國(guó)城市摩托車發(fā)展前景的看法。在這種對(duì)比的展開(kāi)中,結(jié)論一般都會(huì)有明顯的傾向性,當(dāng)然是揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短。對(duì)比還可以將不同的事情進(jìn)行比較,以使抽象的東西變得淺顯易懂。比如“精讀和泛讀哪一種更好”,你可以說(shuō)這好比飲食,要葷素搭配才能滿足身體對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)的不同需要,才能平衡健康。不同的是,讀書,吃的是精神糧食。又比如在“欲速則不達(dá)”中,將其和“慢功出細(xì)活”相比較,就突顯出耐心和毅力的重要。
B.因果法:這類作文一般都是先有個(gè)結(jié)論性的東西,然后讓你做進(jìn)一步的解釋和說(shuō)明。如果是現(xiàn)象,則解釋現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因;如果是態(tài)度,則表明你為何選擇這種態(tài)度。你可以將理由分成幾條,也可以從不同的角度去進(jìn)行解釋。例如The career I pursume,我的提綱會(huì)是這樣:我理想的職業(yè)是做一個(gè)廣告創(chuàng)意人(這是結(jié)論),其原因有以下幾點(diǎn)(1)廣告是濃縮的藝術(shù),我喜歡動(dòng)感的畫面。(2)我喜歡以自己的努力促成別人改變態(tài)度觀念的成就感。(3)廣告是充滿挑戰(zhàn)和多變的行業(yè),很符合年輕人的口味。這種理由的劃分只要條理清晰,內(nèi)容是你取得高分的關(guān)鍵,即你給出的理由是不是有創(chuàng)意。老師在評(píng)卷的時(shí)候,成天看上百份試卷,容易疲勞,你寫的東西能否讓他眼前一亮呢?我舍友在上考研班的時(shí)候,告訴我一位老師曾舉過(guò)這樣一個(gè)例子:某年的考研作文題是鄉(xiāng)村和城市你選擇居住在哪里?一考生這樣寫到我選擇居住在離城市不遠(yuǎn)的郊區(qū)。我喜歡晨跑,在郊區(qū)我可以呼吸到最新鮮的空氣,可以一邊跑一邊看小河里的魚自由自在地游來(lái)游去。這在城市里是看不見(jiàn)的,城市里的水都被污染了……這個(gè)考生的作文在當(dāng)年是拿了很高的分的。原因就是他不落俗套又讓人覺(jué)得親切真實(shí)的寫法。其實(shí)你看,將真實(shí)的感情表達(dá)出來(lái),是最容易打動(dòng)人的。當(dāng)然這是敞開(kāi)式的作文題,如果是就圖表進(jìn)行分析的題目,則沒(méi)有多少感情可以抒發(fā)。
c.舉例法:舉例法也是最常用的展開(kāi)方法。有些考題會(huì)明確指出要你舉例說(shuō)明,其實(shí)除了考你的英語(yǔ)寫作能力,也是在考你平時(shí)是不是留心觀察日常生活中一些社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和問(wèn)題。如Haste makes waste,題目中明確指出“試舉例說(shuō)明”,你腦子里會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么事例呢?揠苗助長(zhǎng)?我想很多人都會(huì)寫這個(gè),你有什么新鮮的?(你可以現(xiàn)在就想一想)再如:My view on the negative effects of some advertisements,要求之一是這些廣告的副作用。對(duì)此你又能舉出什么事例呢?所以這里還有一個(gè)訣竅就是,你可以多參加一些類似英語(yǔ)角的活動(dòng),因?yàn)樵谀抢锶藗兘涣鞯膬?nèi)容都十分豐富,無(wú)形中會(huì)積累到觀點(diǎn)和看法,還有一些你不知道的小故事和教訓(xùn),這些都可以給你的寫作提供豐富的素材。關(guān)于舉例法,我看過(guò)一篇很好的短文,它其實(shí)是通過(guò)自己的一段親身經(jīng)歷,了解到一個(gè)人生的道理。現(xiàn)在拿出來(lái)與各位分享:
Things Are Not Always Black or White
When I was in elementary school, I got into a major argument with a boy in my class. I have forgotten what the argo-ment was about, but I have never forgotten the lesson I learned that day.
I was convinced that I was right and he was wrong and he was just as convinced that I was wrong and he was right. The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson. She brought us up to the front of the class and placed him on one side of her desk and me on the other. In the middle of the desk was a large, round object. I could clearly see that it was black. And she asked the boy what color the object was. “White,” he answered.
I couldn’ t believe he said the object was white, when it was obviously black! Another argumnent started between my classmate and me, this time about the color of the object.
The teacher told me to go and stand where the boy was standing and told him to come and stand where I was. We changed places, and now she asked me what the color of the object was. I had to answer, “white.” It was an object with two differently colored sides. At his side it was white but at my side it was black.
My teacher taught me a very important lesson that day: you must stand in the other person’ s shoes and look at the situation through their eyes in order to truly understand their perspective.
這個(gè)故事很簡(jiǎn)單,但是當(dāng)我開(kāi)始準(zhǔn)備寫這篇東西的時(shí)候我很快就想起要把它用到這里。雖然它很簡(jiǎn)單,但很生動(dòng)也挺感人,你可以把它當(dāng)成一個(gè)人生小智慧去引用,也可以從另一個(gè)側(cè)面去贊揚(yáng)那些啟迪智慧的園丁。這就取決于你是站在哪個(gè)角度看問(wèn)題了——沒(méi)有非黑即白的事情!不過(guò)在考試作文中,如果你要通過(guò)一個(gè)故事來(lái)說(shuō)明道理,切記要把它寫得既簡(jiǎn)單又明白,而且一定要寫有代表性的事例。
D.概述法:一般用于先分后總的段落結(jié)構(gòu)中,即先給出原因再寫結(jié)果,或先列出現(xiàn)象再總結(jié)根源。它是就全文的布局而言的,一般概述性的文字都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在最后一段中,這在說(shuō)明性的文章中比較多見(jiàn)。如下面這篇文章,題目是we need to broaden our knowledge,談的是拓寬知識(shí)面的必要性。通常說(shuō)明必要性的文章都會(huì)用分、總的展開(kāi)方法。先談科學(xué)技術(shù)是社會(huì)發(fā)展不可缺少的,然后指出社會(huì)科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)互相滲透,之后得出結(jié)論——現(xiàn)代大學(xué)生需要廣博的知識(shí)。
We Need to Broaden Our Knowledge
Science and technology contributes a lot to the social development. Broadening our knowledge, we can use it to change our living environment, utilize natural resource, and create a beautiful and comfortable world for people to live in.
Both social science and natural science are important in our life. Man achieves social science through social life, which makes people know more about the society and themselves. It teaches people what the society should be and what they should do for the future.
As college students, we should learn as many kinds of knowledge as possible so that we can improve our life and society as well. Without rich knowledge, we can’t serve the society well. In order to meet the future needs, it is very important for us to learn more knowledge at the universities.
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