Text 4

　　The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand's Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead. dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.

　　Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from "unjustified dismissals". The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.

　　But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing. high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.

　　Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.

　　If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers' wages. Indeed, in "An International Perspective on New Zealand's Productivity Paradox"(2014). The Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country's poor productivity growth record.

　　Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA's unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.

　　Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.

　　Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified "high-income threshold" from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members' Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.

　　36.【題干】The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.punish dubious corporate practices

　　B.improve traditional hiring procedures

　　C.exempt employers from certain duties

　　D.protect the rights of ordinary workers

　　【答案】D

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　　37.【題干】It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that the provisions may_____ .

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.hinder business development

　　B.undermine managers' authority

　　C.affect the public image of the firms

　　D.worsen labor-management relations

　　【答案】A

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　　38.【題干】Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.Imposing reasonable wage restraints.

　　B.Enforcing employment protection laws

　　C.Limiting the powers of business owners.

　　D.Dismissing poorly performing managers.

　　【答案】D

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　　39.【題干】What might be an effect of ERA's unjustified dismissal procedures? _____

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.Highly paid managers lose their jobs.

　　B.Employees suffer from salary cuts.

　　C.Society sees a rise in overall well-being.

　　D.Employers need to hire new staff.

　　【答案】B

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　　40.【題干】It can be inferred that the "high-income threshold" in Australia _____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.has secured managers' earnings

　　B.has produced undesired results

　　C.is beneficial to business owners

　　D.is difficult to put into practice

　　【答案】C

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　　Part B

　　Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　Teri Byrd_____(41)

　　I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.

　　Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you "enhance" enclosures, they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions, and it's past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.

　　Karen R. Sime_____(42)

　　As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.

　　The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children's interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos' treatment of animals with their educational potential.

　　Greg Newberry_____(43)

　　Emma Marris's article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.

　　Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the exception not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.

　　Dean Gallea_____(44)

　　As a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian. I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out disturb and even hunt them down.

　　Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.

　　John Fraser_____(45)

　　Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies.

　　Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.

　　41.【題干】41._____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

　　B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.

　　C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.

　　D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.

　　E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best altemative.

　　F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals' wellbeing.

　　G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.

　　【答案】F

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　　42.【題干】42._____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

　　B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.

　　C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.

　　D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.

　　E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best altemative.

　　F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals' wellbeing.

　　G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.

　　【答案】C

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　　43.【題干】43._____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

　　B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.

　　C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.

　　D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.

　　E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best altemative.

　　F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals' wellbeing.

　　G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.

　　【答案】A

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　　44.【題干】44._____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

　　B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.

　　C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.

　　D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.

　　E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best altemative.

　　F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals' wellbeing.

　　G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.

　　【答案】D

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　　45.【題干】45._____.

　　【選項(xiàng)】

　　A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

　　B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.

　　C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.

　　D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.

　　E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best altemative.

　　F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals' wellbeing.

　　G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.

　　【答案】G

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