考研名師:2006英語閱讀50天速成勝經(jīng)(一)
六、中心思想題
中心思想題的概述:考研英語閱讀中是否有中心思想題?傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理論中是有的,這一點是沒有疑問的。但是在考研中準確的說是沒有中心思想題的。因為大家應該還記得我們只有在小學的時候老師在講語文課本時才會問我們一篇文章的中心思想的,但是到了初三以后老師就不再問我們文章的中心思想了,而是改問一篇文章的論點是什么?究其原因,因為從初三起我們學習的全部是議論文,對于議論文而言,我們只說它的論點是什么而不說它的中心思想是什么;小學學習的全是記敘文,只有記敘文才有中心思想。又因為上篇我們已經(jīng)說過,所有考研的閱讀理解的文章都是來源于美國國內(nèi)發(fā)表的議論文,因此我們說在考研英語閱讀中實際上是沒有什么中心思想題的,只有論點題。但是我們的“大家”們一直認為有中心思想題,所以為了便于大家接受,我們在這里依舊把這樣的論點題稱為中心思想題。
中心思想題解題方法:我們的民族的歷史文學里是沒有議論文這樣的文體的,或者說議論文是一個在近現(xiàn)代隨著西方的炮火進入我們的文明的文學體裁。既然我們寫議論文的模式是模仿西方的,那就是說我們在課堂上學到的寫議論文的方法是完全和美國人寫議論文的方法相吻合的。換句話說,就是,我們的論點寫在什么地方那么美國人的論點也是寫在那個位置。而我們在寫議論文的時候論點有兩種寫法:一寫在第一段第一句;二寫在第一段最后一句。而且我們在文章結(jié)束的時候會在最后一段開頭和結(jié)尾句寫一些對第一段論點相呼應的句子。所以我們堅信,考研英語閱讀的文章的論點必然在文章的第一段的首、末句中產(chǎn)生,而且最后一段首、末句對此論點予以呼應。也就是說,要找一篇文章的論點就看文章的首、末段的首、末句,它們共同指向的內(nèi)容就是我們的論點。
因此,在考研英語中,要找一篇文章的中心思想就是找這個文章的論點,要找論點就看這個文章的首、末段的首、末句。答案必然在這個4句話中產(chǎn)生。在很多時候我們在讀完這個4句話后發(fā)現(xiàn),我們即使把這個4句話翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點,這個時候不是說我們就沒有辦法找到答案了。事實上,在歷年的真題里幾乎所有的中心思想題我們都是不知道論點的,但是這個并不影響我們解題的。
這個時候我們應該進入第2個解題的思維:選擇最佳答案,而不是正確答案。如果一個選項是文章講到的內(nèi)容,但是卻不是這個4句話講到的內(nèi)容,我們依舊不能選這個選項,因為該選項不是論點,最多是個論據(jù)而已。如果一個選項這個4句話沒有講到,而且文章根本就沒有在任何段落提到,那么也不選,屬于和文章無關(guān)的選項,但是在考試中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多人選擇無關(guān)選項,究其原因,是因為其實考研英語閱讀是沒有正確答案的,只有最佳答案,有的時候4個選項都是正確或錯誤的,但你必須選擇一個最為接近原文意思的選項,而在有3個錯誤1個無關(guān)的時候就有人會選擇無關(guān)的,其實無關(guān)選項是永遠不能做正確答案的。如果一個選項和原文的意思相反那么也不選。如果有2個選項和原文4句話的意思相符合,那么還要比較哪個選項的意思最為符合原文4句話的意思,選擇最全面概括這個4句話的選項。
主旨大意題是中心思想題中的一種最為典型的題型。解題方法如上文。
例1、The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
54.The passage is mainly about .(1994)
(A) how American goods are produced
(B) how American consumers buy their goods.
(C) how American economic system works
(D) how American businessmen make their profits
解析:
第一步:判斷本題目屬于中心思想題;因此進入中心思想題的解題方法;
第二步:閱讀文章首、末段首、末句4句話,使用剝洋蔥式句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法得知這個4句話的意思(限于篇幅的原因我們就不一一翻譯了);翻譯后我們發(fā)現(xiàn),即使翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點是什么。因此進入第2解題的思維:找最佳答案;
第三步:A選項是原文講到的選項,原文第一段最后一句話說that
together determine what shall be produced and how
resources are used to produce
it,因此A是正確的,但是我們不能立刻就選A,因為我們在找最佳答案,既然是最佳就要有4個選項的比較,完全有可能4個選項都是正確的,但是只能選擇一個;B選項是原文第一段最后一句講到的,the
desire of individuals to maximize their
incomes,因此B也是正確的,符合原文意思的;C選項原文四句話都講到了,但是美國經(jīng)濟模式的運作的范圍很顯然大于這個4句話的范圍。D選項在原文第一段的最后一句也講到了desire
of businessmen to maximize
profits,因此D也是正確符合原文意思的。4個選項都是正確的,但是不同的是A、B和D只是在原文的第一段的最后一句講到了,很顯然C選項概括了4句話的全部內(nèi)容,因此因該選擇C。
例2、One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon-it's already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
58. What is this passage mainly about? (1994)
(A) Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
(B) conveniences brought about by computers in
business.
(C) Significance of automation in commercial
enterprises.
(D) Advantages of credit cards in business.
解析:
第一步:判斷本題目屬于中心思想題;因此進入中心思想題的解題方法;
第二步:閱讀文章首、末段首、末句4句話,使用剝洋蔥式句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法得知這個4句話的意思(限于篇幅的原因我們就不一一翻譯了);翻譯后我們發(fā)現(xiàn),即使翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點是什么。因此進入第2解題的思維:找最佳答案;
第三步:A的意思是電腦的商業(yè)使用的方法,文章在最后一段講到了電腦的商業(yè)使用的問題,因此A是符合原文意思的;B的意思是商業(yè)中電腦帶來的便利,原文講到了B選項,明顯的證明是bring
better and more efficient services to consumers
through the use of
computers,所以B也是正確并符合原文意思的;C的意思是自動化在商業(yè)企業(yè)中的重要性,文章4句話沒有講到自動化的問題,更沒有講到什么重要性,因此C是和原文無關(guān)的選項;D的意思是商業(yè)中信用卡的重要性,文章在第一段的第一句話就講到了信用卡,但是沒有講到信用卡的重要性,因此D也是無關(guān)選項;因此這個題目的答案必然在A和B中產(chǎn)生。這個時候我們應該比較A和B有什么不同的地方。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)A強調(diào)的是“方法Approaches”而B強調(diào)的是“便利conveniences ”,很顯然文章著重講解的是電腦帶來的便利,因此這個題目應該選B;
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