2007年初中英語期末總復(fù)習(xí)之語法篇

　　動(dòng)詞的過去、現(xiàn)在和未來

　　動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一覽表

　　下面，我們來看看各個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的用法

　　一般過去時(shí)

　　用法索引

在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

　　時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982

　　等。

　　Where did you go just now?

　　2.表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。

　　When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

　　特殊句型(需重點(diǎn)掌握)

It is time for sb. to do sth. “到……時(shí)間了”、“該……了”

　　2.It is time sb. did sth. “時(shí)間已遲了”、“早該……了”

　　It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。

　　It is time you went to bed. 早該睡覺了。

　　3.would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示“寧愿某人做某事”

　　I‘d rather you came tomorrow.

　　請(qǐng)你注意：一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語應(yīng)該是表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間的詞或詞組，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，絕對(duì)不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用，因?yàn)檫@樣的時(shí)間狀語都與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　用法索引

表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作. 構(gòu)成： be(was,were)+現(xiàn)在分詞，常用的時(shí)間狀語：at 10:30 last night , this time yesterday evening

　　Eg1.What were you doing at three o’clock yesterday afternoon?

　　2.用于when, while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中。用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于主句，也可用于從句。

　　Eg1. I was doing my homework when someone knocked at the door.

　　Eg2 We were walking along the river when suddenly it rained.

　　Eg3 While he was waiting at the bus stop, the traffic accident happened.( While 后的分句必須用進(jìn)行時(shí))

　　Eg4.While I was reading , my sister was sleeping.(表示對(duì)比,都用進(jìn)行時(shí))

　　3.用于表示過去將來的動(dòng)作。常用在間接引語中。

　　Eg1.She was leaving early the next morning.

　　Eg2. I asked him whether he was coming back for dinner.

　　過去將來時(shí)

　　用法索引

過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的某一時(shí)間來看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài).它常用于賓語從句中.

　　有兩種構(gòu)成形式：用would表示的過去將來時(shí)和用be (was/were) going to 表示的過去將來時(shí)。

　　Eg1. He told me he would go to Beijing.

　　Eg2 He said the train was leaving at six the next morning

　　Eg3. She said she was going to start at once.

　　過去完成時(shí)

　　用法索引

　　1表示過去某時(shí)開始，一直持續(xù)到另一時(shí)間和狀態(tài)。即動(dòng)作完成于某個(gè)過去時(shí)間之前。常用的時(shí)間狀語：由by, before等詞構(gòu)成的表示時(shí)間的介詞短語�！斑^去的過去”這種邏輯關(guān)系常通過上下文體現(xiàn)出來，而不一定受某個(gè)時(shí)間狀語的限制。

　　We had not heard from him by the end of last year.

　　2.根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)一致的原則，在從句中謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去完成時(shí)代替其他時(shí)態(tài)。

　　She said she had learned French for six years.構(gòu)成

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　　用法索引

經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。

　　時(shí)間狀語： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday

　　I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

　　2.客觀真理、客觀存在、科學(xué)事實(shí)。

　　The earth moves around the sun.

　　Shanghai lies in the east of China.

　　3表示格言或警句中。

　　Pride goes before a fall.　驕者必?cái)　?P>　　請(qǐng)你注意

　　此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.

　　4.現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。

　　I don‘t want so much.

　　Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　用法索引

表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.常和now, Look! Listen! 或其他鋪墊句及情景設(shè)置句連用.

　　Eg1.I am reading a book now.

　　Eg2. Look! They are having a basketball match.

　　Eg3. Listen! He is playing the piano.

　　Eg4. It’s 7:00 pm. The Greens are watching TV.

　　2.表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作但說話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行.

　　Eg1.He is working in a shoe factory these days.(臨時(shí)性的工作)

　　Eg2 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　(說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)

　　3.表示在近期按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.即用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.但一般要與將來時(shí)間連用,而且僅限于少量動(dòng)詞.例如: come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。

　　Eg1.Mr. Smith is leaving for London tomorrow.

　　Eg2 Are you staying here till next week?

　　4.常與表示漸變的動(dòng)詞連用.例如: get, grow, become, turn, , begin等。

　　Eg1The leaves are turning red.

　　Eg2It‘s getting warmer and warmer.

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　用法索引

　　1。表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。常用的時(shí)間狀語：already, get, never, just, before, recently, for+一段時(shí)間, since+一段時(shí)間

　　I have lost my key. (說明過去某時(shí)丟的，現(xiàn)在還未找到。)

　　2.表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

　　I have known him for ten years.

　　The dog has been dead for three days.

　　3.表示從過去到現(xiàn)在之間曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過的事。

　　We have been to the Summer Palace twice.

　　請(qǐng)你注意

　　因?yàn)楹�有for加一段時(shí)間或since加一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)這樣的時(shí)間狀語的完成時(shí)，有動(dòng)態(tài)和延續(xù)性的特點(diǎn)，所以不能使用終端動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞。

　　例：My sister has been here for 5 days.(過去分詞做表語表示狀態(tài)，可以延續(xù))

　　My sister came here 5 days ago.(終端動(dòng)詞)

　　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　用法：表示某一動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)間，延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今，或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來。

　　例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前為止，我們一直在處理那個(gè)項(xiàng)目，已經(jīng)花了一個(gè)多月時(shí)間了。)

　　請(qǐng)你注意：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相比，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)：在從過去到現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間里，動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)或一直反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。

　　一般將來時(shí)

　　用法索引

一般將來時(shí)表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

　　2.表示將來經(jīng)�；蚍磸�(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。

　　如： tomorrow, tomorrow morning, next week(year, term…),in (two days…), soon, the day after tomorrow等。

　　3.問對(duì)方是否愿意或表示客氣的邀請(qǐng)。

　　4.shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。