4)言外之意、弦外之音
推測(cè)說(shuō)話(huà)者話(huà)中之話(huà)是聽(tīng)力中必考的題型。從試題的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)來(lái)看,大體有一下幾種:
(1)對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考查
包含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的聽(tīng)力考題中一般都有"是不非"相對(duì)的選項(xiàng),這就要求同學(xué)們了解虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表意功能,根據(jù)虛擬語(yǔ)氣判斷正確選項(xiàng)。如:
① W: I'm thinking of going to Austin for a visit. Do you think it's worth seeing?
M: Well, I wish I had been there.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
A. The man is planning a trip to Austin. B. The man has not been to Austin before.
C. The man doesn't like Austin. D. The man has been to Austin before.
I wish I had been there.說(shuō)明說(shuō)話(huà)人沒(méi)有去過(guò)!
② W: If it hadn't been snowing so hard, I might have been home by 9 o'clock.
M: It's too bad you didn't make it. Jane was here and she wanted to see you.
Q: What happened to the woman?
A. She got home before 9 o'clock. B. She had a bad cold.
C. She had a car accident. D. She was delayed.
If it hadn't been snowing so hard, I might have been home by 9 o'clock.說(shuō)明因?yàn)檠┨,說(shuō)話(huà)者未能在9點(diǎn)前到家。也就是說(shuō)she was delayed!
(2)對(duì)建議的考查
建議題要求同學(xué)們掌握建議的各種表達(dá)方式,根據(jù)建議選擇正確選項(xiàng)。如:
① W: The movie starts in 5 minutes and there's bound to be a long time.
M: Why don't we come back for the next show? I'm sure it would be less crowded.
Q: What is the man suggesting?
A. Coming back for a later show. B. Waiting in a queue.
C. Coming back in five minutes. D. Not going to the movie today.
Why don't…?上一種建議表達(dá)方式,根據(jù)該句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容可以判斷答案是A。
② W: We do need another bookshelf in this room. But the problem is the space for it.
M: How about moving the old dining table to the kitchen?
Q: What does the man suggest they should do?
A. Finding a larger room. B. Sell the old table.
C. Buy two bookshelves. D. Rearrange some furniture.
根據(jù)moving the dining table to the kitchen來(lái)判斷答案為D!
建議的表達(dá)方式還有:
Why not …? What do you think of …?
If I were you/If I were in your shoes, I would …
Shall we …? I suggest ….
You'd better/You ought to….
(3) 對(duì)話(huà)題的考查
話(huà)題指會(huì)話(huà)雙方所談?wù)摰脑?huà)題,要求同學(xué)們具有概括能力。如:
① W: Do you want a day course or an evening course?
M: Well, it would have to be an evening course since I work during the day.
Q: What are they talking about?
A. The choice of courses. B. A day course.
C. An evening course. D. Their work.
兩個(gè)人談?wù)摰氖沁x白天的課還是晚上的課,由此可以判斷答案應(yīng)該是A。
② M:I was terribly embarrassed when some of the audience got up and left in the middle of the performance.
W: Well, some people just can't seem to appreciate the real-life drama.
Q: What are they talking about?
A. A movie. B. A lecture. C. A play. D. A speech.
從對(duì)話(huà)中的audience, performance與其說(shuō) drama可以判斷他們所談?wù)摰氖莂 play。
(4)同義表達(dá)方式的考查
四級(jí)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中對(duì)隱含意思的考查很大程度上依賴(lài)于同義表達(dá)方式,也就是同學(xué)們對(duì)具體句式、短語(yǔ)、詞組甚至單詞的理解。如:
①M(fèi): What do you think of Professor Brown's lecture?
W: The topic was interesting, but the lecture was much more difficult to follow than I had expected.
Q: What does the woman say about the lecture?
A. It was a long lecture, but easy to understand. B. It was not as easy as she had expected.
C. It was as difficult as she had expected. D. It was interesting and easy to follow.
與much more difficult to follow than I had expected同義的應(yīng)該是B!
②M: Nancy, why were you late today?
W: I overslept and missed the bus.
Q: Why was Nancy late?
A. She got up later than usual. B. The bus was late.
C. She forgot she had class. D. Her clock was slow.
overslept也就是got up later than usual。
③M: Did you mind coming back by coach instead of by train?
W: No, we didn't mind at all. It took a lot longer, but it was very comfortable and it was much cheaper.
Q: How did the woman feel about the coming back by coach?
A. She felt it was tiring. B. She felt it was very nice.
C. She felt it took less time. D. She thought it was expensive.
從comfortable和 much cheaper來(lái)看,女士的感覺(jué)應(yīng)該是very nice,答案應(yīng)該是B。
5)上下義概念的考查
有些題盡管問(wèn)題可能問(wèn)的是含義之類(lèi),但其實(shí)考查的是同學(xué)們對(duì)上下義關(guān)系的掌握。如:
①M(fèi): Let me see. I've printed my family name, first name, date of birth and address. Anything else?
W: No, that's all right. We'll fill in the rest of it if you just
sign your name at the bottom.
Q: What has the man been doing?
A. Having an interview. B. Filling out a form.
C. Talking with a friend. D. Asking for information.
上義詞為概括性詞語(yǔ),下義詞所表示的則是具體的東西。本題中能夠概括男士所做之事的應(yīng)該是選項(xiàng)B!
② M: What happened to you? You are so late.
W: The bus I took broke down in front of the hospital and I had to walk from there.
Q: Why was the woman so late?
A. Something went wrong with the bus. B. She took somebody to hospital.
C. Something prevented her from catching the bus. D. She came on foot instead of taking a bus.
Something went wrong 是對(duì)the bus break down的概括性表述!
對(duì)話(huà)聽(tīng)力中其它考查項(xiàng)目,如因果、條件、否定、比較等可參看四級(jí)考試的《聽(tīng)力分冊(cè)》!
2.短文
該部分共有短文三篇,設(shè)10個(gè)小題,重要考查兩方面的內(nèi)容:
1)對(duì)主題的判斷
(1)提問(wèn)的方式
主題題通常以下列方式提問(wèn):
What is the main idea/topic of this passage?
What does the passage mainly discuss?
What can we learn from the passage?
What is the passage mainly about?
(2)選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)
主題題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)一般都以短語(yǔ)的方式出現(xiàn)。如:
① A. Two types of only children. B. Parent's responsibilities.
C. The necessity of family planning. D. The relationship between parents and children.
② A. Environmental pollution and protection. B. Taxes and services for the public.
C. Police efforts to protect people. D. People's attitude toward taxes.
③ A. The difference between classical music and rock music.
B. Why classical music is popular with math students.
C. The effects of music on the results of math tests.
D. How to improve your reasoning activity.
(3)解題技巧
對(duì)于這類(lèi)題,同學(xué)們?cè)诼?tīng)的時(shí)候應(yīng)特別注意文章的首句和尾句,首句一般開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)名主題,而尾句則總結(jié)全文,根據(jù)這兩句進(jìn)行推斷一般可以確定文章的主題。如上面②題可根據(jù)文章最后一段的尾句解答,請(qǐng)看原文:
We use all sort of services without thinking how we get them. But such services cost money. We pay for them through taxes. What would happen if everyone in a city stop paying taxes? The water supply would stop. The street might not be cleaned. There would be no police force to protect people and property.
The chief duty of every government is to protect persons and proper-
ty. More than three-fourths of the money spent by our government is used for this purpose. The next largest amount of public money goes to teach and train our citizens. Billions of dollars each year are spent on schools and libraries. Public money is used to pay the teachers and other public officials.
Years ago the government made money from the sale of public lands. But most of the best public lands has now been sold. The money raised was used to help pay the cost of government. There are still some public lands that contain oil, coal, gas, and other natural products. They could be sold, but we want to save them for future years. So we all must pay our share for the services that make our lives comfortable.
從尾句可以看出文章談?wù)摰氖侨藗優(yōu)槭裁炊紤?yīng)該交稅以使我們的生活更加美好!
再如③題,同學(xué)們可以通過(guò)文章的開(kāi)始幾句,找到文章的主題。請(qǐng)看原文:
Do you have a tough math test coming up? Then listen to some classical piano music just before the test. You might end up with a higher score. Researchers at a university in California conducted an experiment. They asked a group of college students to listen to some piano music by a famous 18th century composer before taking a math test. They were surprised to find that the students' scores jumped 8 to 9 points. The music seems to excite nerve activities in the brain; similar to the activity that occurs when a person is figuring out a math problem. However, the scientists warn that before you get too excited about applying the method to your math test, you should remember that brain exciting effects last only 10 or 15 minutes. Would rock music work as well as the piano music did? No, the scientists say. In fact, the less complex music might even interfere with the brain's reasoning ability.
顯然,黑體部分表明了文章的主題,緊接著的實(shí)驗(yàn)為支撐細(xì)節(jié),用于說(shuō)明文章的主題!
2) 對(duì)具體事實(shí)的判斷
(1)提問(wèn)的方式
對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的提問(wèn)通常以wh-question的方式出現(xiàn),主要針對(duì)文章的有關(guān)人物、事件、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、數(shù)據(jù)等!
如上面兩篇短文的其它幾個(gè)問(wèn)題的選項(xiàng)!
① What's the chief duty of every government?
A. To protect persons and property. B. To collect taxes.
C. To teach and train citizens. D. To save natural resources for future use.
② How did the government raise money in the past?
A. By selling services that make life comfortable. B. By selling land containing oil.
C. By selling public lands. D. By selling coal and other natural products.
① Why can classical music play a positive role in problem solving?
A. Because it stimulates your nerve activity. B. Because it keeps you calm.
C. Because it strengthens your memory. D. Because it improves your problem solving ability.
②What is one of the findings of the research?
A. Piano music could interfere with your reasoning ability.
B. The effects of music do not last long?
C. The more you listen to music, the higher your test scores will be.
D. Music, whether classical or rock, helps improve your memory.
(2)選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)
這種細(xì)節(jié)判斷題以辨認(rèn)題居多。有可能幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)在文章中都有所提及,但只要同學(xué)們仔細(xì)聽(tīng),注意分別,就能從原文中找到出處。如上面99年6月的考題,第①題可以在文章找到The chief duty of every government is to protect persons and property,這同樣也是第二段的主題句,是整段要說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容。第②題也能從文章找到Y(jié)ears ago the government made money from the sale of public lands.一句為佐證!
再如99年1月的考題,①②兩題也都能從文章中找到信息句,如The music seems to excite nerve activities in the brain. 和… you should remember that brain exciting effects last only 10 or 15 minutes.。
從考查的范圍來(lái)看,短文聽(tīng)力中原因的考查最多,其次是對(duì)具體所發(fā)生的事情的判斷,也包括依據(jù)事實(shí)所做的推理判斷。如99年6月第二篇短文、2000年1月第二篇短文全是原因的考查,一般原因考查題多出現(xiàn)在故事短文中,只要同學(xué)們能夠理清故事的來(lái)龍去脈,這種原因題就比較簡(jiǎn)單。如:
When I was at school, my ambition was to be a pilot in the Air Force. But my eyesight wasn't good enough. So I had to give up that idea. I went to university and studied physics. I wanted to stay on there and do research, but my father died at about that time. So I thought I'd better get a job and earn my living. I started working in an engineering firm
I expected to stay in that job for a long time. But then, they appointed a new managing director. I didn't get on with him, so I resigned and applied for a job with another engineering company. I would certainly have accepted the job if they had offered it to me, but on my way to the interview I met a friend who was working for a travel agency. He offered me a job in Spain. And I've always liked Spain, so I took it.
I worked in the travel agency for two years and then they wanted to send me to South America. But I had just got married. So I decided to stay here. Then we had a baby and I wasn't earning enough to support the family. So I started giving English lessons at school in the evenings.
I liked the English teaching more than working for the travel agency, and then the owner of the school offered me a full-time job as a teacher. So I resigned from the agency. Two years later, the owner of the school wanted to retire, so he asked me to take over as the director. And here I am.
14. Why did the man give up studying physics?
15. Why did the man resign from the engineering firm?
16. Why did the man take the job at the travel agency?
17. Why did the man start to teach English part time?