4)他們正在看電視里的足球賽。
They are watching a football match on television.
5)他老愛(ài)開(kāi)玩笑。
He is always joking.
6)我們從國(guó)外進(jìn)口機(jī)器,我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)新的科學(xué)技術(shù)。
We import machines from abroad; we are learning new science and technology.
3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
(1)構(gòu)成:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成,助動(dòng)詞have 有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)用has,其余用have.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式直接在助動(dòng)詞后面加上not、疑問(wèn)式是把助動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)之前。以study 為例,其否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下:
否定式 |
疑問(wèn)式 |
I have not (haven’t) studied…. |
Have I studied…? |
You have not (haven’t) studied…. |
Have you studied…? |
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. |
Has he studied…? |
否定疑問(wèn)式 |
簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定) |
Have I not (Haven’t i) studied…? |
Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. |
Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…? |
Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. |
Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…? |
Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. |
(2)用法:
1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常表示在說(shuō)話之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)也表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,但強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過(guò)去發(fā)生了某一動(dòng)作這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)。有的同學(xué)覺(jué)得這種說(shuō)法比較難以理解,因?yàn)槿魏芜^(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在都有影響,很難判斷用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。事實(shí)上,這種說(shuō)法沒(méi)有把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的根本區(qū)別說(shuō)清楚。如果沒(méi)有說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間,則一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如果說(shuō)明了動(dòng)作發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間,帶有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
My daughter has just gone out. 我女兒剛出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我們以前見(jiàn)過(guò)面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2)表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),往往和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如:
I haven’t heard from her these days. 這些日子我沒(méi)有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我們沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到你。
They have been away for two years. 他們離開(kāi)已經(jīng)兩年了。
She has been with us since Monday.
她從星期一就一直和我們?cè)谝黄稹?/P>
注意:
1)表示短暫意義的動(dòng)詞如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等,在完成時(shí)當(dāng)中不能和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,因?yàn)樗鼈儽硎镜膭?dòng)作不可能持續(xù)。因此,不能說(shuō):
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句話可以改為:
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died.
They have been away only for 5 minutes
2)have (has) been 和have (has) gone的區(qū)別:表示“曾到過(guò)某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已經(jīng)去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。試比較:
Where has he been? 他剛才到哪里去了?(已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)
Where has he gone? 他上哪兒去了?(人不在)
They have been to Canada. 他們到過(guò)加拿大。(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在加拿大)
They have gone to Canada. 他們到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已經(jīng)到加拿大).
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