2007年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)講義——四級(jí)寫作（上）

　　因果關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)

　　because (of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in (from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence

　　讓步關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)

　　although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that

　　強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)

　　anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt

　　遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

　　in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, what's more

　　時(shí)間順序

　　afterwards, at last, at length, immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter, while

　　方位序列

　　in front of, beside, beyond, above, below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right

　　方式手段

　　as, as if, as though, the way，by

　　目的關(guān)系

　　that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that

　　二、書寫工整，避免嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。

　　分析修改下面的作文：

　　Traffic has became an socially problem in big cities. Of course, have a car is a good think, but every people own a car, the streets will became too crowded. Traffic Jams occurred on the rush hours and accidents happened more often.

　　One way to solving this problem is develop group transportion system. Such as, we should buy more bus and built more roads. And underground trains is also a good solution.

　　Another way is to reduce the big city’s population.

　　Our country population control is the wise and necessary police. If big city people reduce, traffic will less crowded.

　　寫作中常見錯(cuò)誤歸納

　　語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤

　　u 時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤

　　在描述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情時(shí)要用過(guò)去時(shí)，如果是一般事實(shí)應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)……。這些語(yǔ)法規(guī)則是大家耳熟能詳?shù)�，但落到筆下就容易忘記。

　　u 一致性，尤其是主謂搭配

　　有些同學(xué)寫下了主語(yǔ)，但是寫謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)候就把主語(yǔ)扔到一邊去了。比如寫了 “The people…”，后面的系動(dòng)詞卻成了 “is…”。集合名詞(army, audience, cabinet, class, company, committee, crew, crowd, family, government, group, party, population, public, staff, team等)作主語(yǔ)，如果指整體，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);如果指具體成員，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。表示時(shí)間，距離，價(jià)格等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或短語(yǔ)，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);如果強(qiáng)調(diào)具體數(shù)量，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。單數(shù)名詞如果跟著along with, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, rather than等時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。但用either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, or等連接的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需要與最近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。

　　u 代詞指代的一致

　　如下面這個(gè)句子：

　　We’re going to meet a lot of difficulties, but I believe we’ll overcome it.

　　u 句子不完整

　　有的同學(xué)寫了上半句，就忘了下半句。所以寫完一個(gè)句子以后要仔細(xì)再讀一遍，如果覺(jué)得不對(duì)，需要回頭補(bǔ)全句子。如

　　People who know the harmfulness of smoking if they are careful.

　　u 人稱轉(zhuǎn)換錯(cuò)誤

　　這個(gè)毛病是絕大部分同學(xué)都容易犯的。我們?cè)趯懽鲿r(shí)，一篇文章里面不能出現(xiàn)太多的人稱。另外在我們的文章中最保險(xiǎn)的人稱代詞是 “we”，因?yàn)?“we”可以指“你，我，她/他”任何人。而且如果用 “we”，那么最好通篇文章都用，即使要有所變化，也最多再用一個(gè) “I”或 “they”就行了。

　　u 比較級(jí)使用錯(cuò)誤

　　不少同學(xué)使用形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，主要是因?yàn)橹袑W(xué)的基礎(chǔ)不是很牢固。如經(jīng)常會(huì)看到這樣的用法：

　　more better than

　　There are many advantages than…

　　I have as much twice apples than you do…

　　u 冠詞用法錯(cuò)誤

　　如：a easy job, City of the Beijing, He is a brightest student in his class.

　　u 介詞用法錯(cuò)誤

　　介詞一般都比較簡(jiǎn)單，但往往是簡(jiǎn)單的詞用法最多，所以也最難掌握。這些詞的用法非常靈活，需要多讀，多寫才能正確掌握。如下面的句子：

　　This machine is superior than (to) the old one.

　　The stamps I have are identical for his. In(On) condition that…

　　u 大小寫錯(cuò)誤

　　一般來(lái)說(shuō)，每一句的首字母應(yīng)該大寫，人名地名的首字母和專有名詞的首字母大寫。但有些同學(xué)容易忘記。如：

　　it is well-known that smoking is harmful to people’s health.

　　I went to beijing yesterday. How To Deal With The Problem Of Smoking is a huge task.

　　拼寫錯(cuò)誤

　　這方面的錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)普遍，而且較難根除。因?yàn)榇蠹冶硢卧~的時(shí)候有時(shí)背得并不牢。尤其是大家經(jīng)常做客觀題，只要知道應(yīng)該選哪一個(gè)答案就可以了，并沒(méi)有仔細(xì)背住單詞的拼寫。要解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，大家需要背單詞時(shí)不僅能“識(shí)別”，而且能“使用”，需要多背多寫。下面是一些經(jīng)常容易搞混淆或拼錯(cuò)的單詞：

　　environment-------環(huán)境，容易寫成enviroment
　　government--------政府，容易誤拼成goverment
　　modern-------------現(xiàn)代的，容易拼成morden
　　delighted-----------感到高興的; delightful--------使人高興的
　　economic-----------有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)的; economical----節(jié)儉的，經(jīng)濟(jì)的
　　historic--------------有歷史意義的; historical-------關(guān)于歷史的
　　considerate---------關(guān)心別人的; considerable----相當(dāng)大的，相當(dāng)多的
　　sensible-------------合理的，可感知的; sensitive---------敏感的
　　credible-------------可信的; credulous--------容易輕信的
　　continual------------持續(xù)的，中間有間隔; continuous-------持續(xù)的，中間沒(méi)有間隔
　　satisfied-------------滿意的; satisfactory-------令人滿意的
　　tired------------------疲倦的，累的; tiresome----------令人疲倦的
　　farther----------------更遠(yuǎn)，表示距離; further------------進(jìn)一步，表示程度
　　industrial-------------工業(yè)的; industrious--------刻苦的，努力的
　　respectable---------受人尊敬的; respectful----尊敬別人的; respective---各自的
　　imaginary------想象中的; imaginative-----想象力豐富的; imaginable-----可以想象的

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