l 表示否定意義的詞
如no, hardly, never, scarcely, seldom, barely, rarely, no longer, not until, no sooner...than，hardly...when, not only...but also, not, little, at no time, by no means(決不), on no account(決不), in no case, in no way, under/in no circumstances等放在句首時(shí)后面主謂要倒裝。
Under no circumstance and at no time shall we be the first to use nuclear weapons.
On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals in the zoo.
Hardly had I arrived when a quarrel broke out.
l Only + adverb(副詞), prepositional phrase(介詞短語), adverbial clause(狀語從句)置于句首時(shí)，后面的主謂需要倒裝。
Only in this way can we hope to solve the problem of environmental pollution.
全部倒裝
全部倒裝是指包括表語和狀語在內(nèi)的整個(gè)謂語放在主語之前，它的語序是：表語或狀語+謂語動(dòng)詞+主語。全部倒裝應(yīng)用的情況
l 用在作為地點(diǎn)狀語的介詞短語后面
On the bed lay the dying patient.
l 當(dāng)用作表語的形容詞或分詞置于句首時(shí)
Great and spacious and beautiful is our beloved motherland.
l here/there/now/then/hence置于句首而主語不是人稱代詞時(shí)
Here comes the bus.
排比平行結(jié)構(gòu)
排比平行結(jié)構(gòu)是句子連貫的表現(xiàn)形式與標(biāo)志之一，可以用來陳述一系列事實(shí)，也可并列相同的語言成分。名詞、冠詞、形容詞、副詞、語法結(jié)構(gòu)相同的詞組，分詞短語、主句或分句都可以平行排比。大家看下面的例子：
That means listening to music of all schools and all periods, old and new, conservative and modern.
五、段落組織技巧
開頭段
開頭段的作用是概括陳述主題，提出觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)，表明寫作意圖，要求語言精練，直接切入主題或引出觀點(diǎn)，一般不對(duì)主題進(jìn)行深入的探討，具體的論證或說明描述應(yīng)該在中間段落進(jìn)行，開頭段一般寫三、四句即可。在組織開頭段時(shí)要注意避免以下幾點(diǎn)：
² 開頭偏離主題太遠(yuǎn)，否則會(huì)容易導(dǎo)致切題不準(zhǔn)，主題不明
² 使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句，因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)主旋律是倡導(dǎo)積極向上的思想
² 內(nèi)容不具體，言之無物，使用不言自明的陳述，給人以充數(shù)累贅之感
四級(jí)寫作中常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法舉例如下：
l 使用引語(use a quotation)
使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。
如：
“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
分析：開頭引用Colton的名言說明“創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)”對(duì)于成功的重要性，點(diǎn)明主題。
l 引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù) (use figures or statistics)
當(dāng)然對(duì)于圖表題型，該種方法是必須的選擇，具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，點(diǎn)明主題或引出需要論述的問題。
如：
As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.
分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達(dá)到50萬這一數(shù)據(jù)來說明大學(xué)生找
工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)重性，很有說服力。
l 提出問題(ask a question)
提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。
如：
What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.
分析：文章開頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問題，然后自問自答，指出工作
除了物質(zhì)利益，還可以給我們帶來很多其它收獲這一結(jié)論。
l 給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道(offer relevant examples or reports)
給出具體生活實(shí)例或新聞報(bào)道
如：
As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.
分析：文章通過引用新聞報(bào)道的一個(gè)實(shí)例，說明了大學(xué)生心理問題的嚴(yán)重性。
l 定義法(give definition)
針對(duì)討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進(jìn)行深入探討。
如：
As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.
分析：文章用It means that這一句型，說明了practice makes perfect的含義。
l 主題句法(use of topic sentence)
文章一開始就以主題句點(diǎn)明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。
如：
Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.
分析：文章開頭即提出中國的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重這一問題，然后再用實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐證。
開頭段的常用核心句型歸納如下，大家可選擇使用：
l As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that …
l The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that ….
l Although it is commonly agreed that …, it is unlikely to be true that ….
l There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that ….
l In all the discussion and debate over …, one important fact is generally overlooked.
l On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive)
suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that …
l Although many people believe that …, I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis
l The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that….
l I agree with the above statement because I believe that ….
l There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …. Those who object to …
argue that …. But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that….
l Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has
been) a(n) general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)….
l As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that ….
l Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held /
accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that …. But I wonder (doubt) whether …
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