2013年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作題型及范文：說(shuō)明文

　　說(shuō)明文是以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)方式用來(lái)說(shuō)明事物，闡明事理的一種文體。它通過(guò)揭示概念來(lái)說(shuō)明事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律性，給人準(zhǔn)確的科學(xué)知識(shí)或正確思想。一般可分為實(shí)體事物說(shuō)明和抽象事物說(shuō)明兩大類，詞典、教材、論文、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明書、廣告、解說(shuō)詞及科學(xué)小品等都屬于說(shuō)明文。

　　按寫作方法,英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文主要分為下面六種類型:

　　1.例證法

　　這是用具體例子來(lái)說(shuō)明人或事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律的方法,所用例子必須有代表性、典型性,能體現(xiàn)人或事物的本質(zhì)特征。這是用特殊來(lái)說(shuō)明一般的方法。通常在主題句后,用 For example 或 For instance 等短語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)出具體的例子。例如:

　　Our life today depends very much on energy. For example, machines have made our life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods-everything. Factories use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.

　　這段主要是講能源問(wèn)題。第一句為主題句,概括地說(shuō)出"我們目前的生活很大程度上依賴能源"。接著用舉例的方法從三方面說(shuō)明能源的作用。

　　2.定義法

　　下定義就是給說(shuō)明對(duì)象一個(gè)明確概念。這是科學(xué)而嚴(yán)密的說(shuō)明方法。它既能揭示事物的本質(zhì)特征,勾勒其大概,描繪其輪廓,同時(shí)也能確定事物的范圍和界限。下定義是多方面的,可以給人、事物、思想等下定義。例如:

　　An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholarship. An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldn't be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.

　　本段的展開(kāi)是通過(guò)對(duì)"一個(gè)模范教師"下定義的方法,關(guān)鍵詞"ideal teacher"在文中多次重復(fù),能加深讀者的印象。

　　3.分類法

　　分類法是對(duì)同屬不同類或同類而不同種的人或事物,根據(jù)不同性質(zhì)進(jìn)行分門別類地說(shuō)明的方法。分類是人類認(rèn)識(shí)客觀世界的重要手段之一。分類必須遵守分類規(guī)則,使分類對(duì)象具有統(tǒng)一屬性,依據(jù)同一分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并使分類的子項(xiàng)相互排斥,不互相包蘊(yùn)。例如:

　　As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.

　　本段把人按政治觀點(diǎn)分為三類:保守派(conservative people)、自由派(liberal people)和溫和派(moderate people),并對(duì)他們各自的特征進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要的分析。

　　4.因果關(guān)系法

　　事物變化的原因和結(jié)果是緊密相關(guān)的。如果某個(gè)現(xiàn)象的存在必然引起另一個(gè)現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,那么,這兩個(gè)現(xiàn)象之間就具有因果關(guān)系。因果關(guān)系包括"由果推因"(由結(jié)果去推測(cè)原因)和"由因推果"(由原因去推測(cè)結(jié)果)兩種情況。因果關(guān)系符合人們的日常思維邏輯,因而在寫作中得到廣泛應(yīng)用,常用 because, as, since, so, now that, if...then, the reason is that...等表示因果關(guān)系。例如:

　　Of the four seasons, I like spring best. I prefer spring because it is a season of much joy and gaiety. New life bursts out everywhere. Plants wear a green coagain and colorful flowers blossom in gardens and mountains. The old come outdoors for fresh air and the young plan for outdoor activities. Life becomes so energetic and happy.

　　第一句為本段主題句,末句是總結(jié)句。在主題句后, 作者用了四個(gè)句子闡述自己喜歡春天的理由。

　　5.比較對(duì)照法

　　有意識(shí)地把兩種相反、相對(duì)的事物或同一事物相反、相對(duì)的兩個(gè)方面放在一起,用比較的方法加以描述或說(shuō)明,指出其相同點(diǎn),這種寫法叫做"比較";指出其不同點(diǎn),叫做"對(duì)照"。比較和對(duì)照各有不同的側(cè)重,但兩種方法經(jīng)常結(jié)合使用。

　　進(jìn)行比較對(duì)照通常有兩種方式。第一種方式采用"先A后B"的結(jié)構(gòu),即A1,A2,A3...; B1, B2, B3...。第二種方式采用"AB交錯(cuò)"結(jié)構(gòu),即A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3...。第一種方式采用先A后B的結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是把一個(gè)段落(或一篇文章)分割為兩部分,先全面講A,再全面講B,這樣做較難收到強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)比效果。多數(shù)人認(rèn)為第二種方式比較好,因?yàn)榘褜?duì)比的雙方AB逐點(diǎn)交錯(cuò),可以避免行文的單調(diào)沉悶,對(duì)比的效果也會(huì)更鮮明突出。例如:

　　It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointments publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.

　　這段采用先A后B的對(duì)照方式,闡述勝利者和失敗者的不同特征。這種寫法較易操作,但行文往往比較平淡單調(diào)。再來(lái)看看AB交錯(cuò)的比較方式:

　　I like having a twin sister. When she’s happy, I’m happy. When she feels unhappy, I feel the same. Often, I know what she’s going to say. Sometimes, I know what she’s thinking. I like what she likes. I hate what she hates. We like the same music, the same food and the same books.

　　這段采用AB交錯(cuò)的比較方式,闡述孿生姐妹的相同特征。這種寫法較流暢自然,給讀者的印象也更鮮明突出。

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