英語四級新題型(閱讀)沖刺講義【新東方】

考試易犯的五大錯誤 翻譯高分攻略 新四級沖刺方略

第五課時

本次要講的考點：因果關(guān)系和比較關(guān)系，并對四級題中的細節(jié)題作出總結(jié)。

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
    Dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals. They will soil your house, destroy your belongings, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even bite you. Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur at the wrong time or place or are directed at the wrong thing. The key to preventing or treating behavior problems is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior to outlets that are acceptable in the domestic setting.
    One of the best things you can do for your dog and yourself is to obedience train（馴服）it. Obedience training doesn't solve all behavior problems, but it is the foundation for solving just about any problem. Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog. Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do.
    Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order. When your dog obeys a simple request of "come here, sit," it is showing obedience and respect for you. It is not necessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack（群）by using extreme measures. You can teach your dog its subordinate（從屬的）role by teaching it to show submission to you. Most dogs love performing tricks for you to pleasantly accept that you are in charge.
    Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog is more confident and can more safely be allowed a greater amount of freedom that an untrained animal.

21. Behavior problems of dogs are believed to ________.
   A) worsen in modern society
   B) occur when they go wild
   C) be just part of their nature
   D) present a threat to the community
22. The primary purpose of obedience training is to ________.
   A) teach the dog to perform clever tricks
   B) enable the dog to regain its normal behavior
   C) make the dog aware of its owner's authority
   D) provide the dog with outlets for its wild behavior
23. Effective communication between a dog and its owner is ________.
   A) an extreme measure in obedience training
   B) a good way to teach the dog new tricks
   C) the foundation for dogs to perform tasks
   D) essential to solving the dog's behavior problems
24. Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters?
   A) To show their willingness to obey.
   B) To show their affection for their masters.
   C) To avoid being punished.
   D) To win leadership of the dog pack.
25. When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner ________.
   A) will enjoy a better family life
   B) can give the dog more freedom
   C) can give the dog more rewards
   D) will have more confidence in himself

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

    Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?
    Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform?
    Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible（可減稅的）. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.
    Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.
    Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.

31. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and individuality ________
   A) still judge a man by his clothes
   B) hold the uniform in such high regard
   C) enjoy having a professional identity
   D) will respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform
32. People are accustomed to think that a man in uniform ________.
   A) suggests quality work
   B) discards his social identity
   C) appears to be more practical
   D) looks superior to a person in civilian clothes
33. The chief function of a uniform is to ________.
   A) provide practical benefits to the wearer
   B) make the wearer catch the public eye
   C) inspire the wearer's confidence in himself
   D) provide the wearer with a professional identity
34. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms ________.
   A) are usually helpful
   B) have little or no individual freedom
   C) tend to lose their individuality
   D) enjoy greater popularity
35. The best title for this passage would be ________.
   A) Uniforms and Society
   B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform
   C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform
   D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms

因果原則： （1）重點單詞：reason, because, for, since。 （2）如果一個句子里存在因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，該句很有可能涉及考題。
比較原則： （1）重點單詞：most, more, especially, differ。 （2）當(dāng)幾種情況并列出現(xiàn)，必考最典型的內(nèi)容。

舉例：
    When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty（保單）, or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
    A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the "higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favour, assuming he or she has a just claim.
    Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
    Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, "The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear" is better than "This stereo（立體聲音響）does not work."
    The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers' rights.

31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________.
   A) complain personally to the manager
   B) threaten to take the matter to court
   C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase
   D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
   A) a shop assistant                     C) the manufacturer
   B) the store manager                   D) a public organization
33. The most effective complaint can be made by ________.
   A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer
   B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
   C) saying firmly that the item is of poor quality
   D) asking politely to change the item
34. The phrase "live up to" (Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
   A) meet the standard of                 C) fulfil the demands of
   B) realize the purpose of                D) keep the promise of
35. The passage tells us _________.
   A) how to settle a consumer's complaint about a faulty item
   B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
   C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
   D) how to deal with complaints from customers

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

    Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the Englishman objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details important notwithstanding（然而）, as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus（對，對抗）individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption（設(shè)想）that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.

31. We can infer from the passage that ________.
   A) people in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flats
   B) English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats
   C) people in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flats
   D) modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living
32. What is said about the blocks of flats built in the past in Britain?
   A) They were sold to people before necessary facilities were installed.
   B) They were usually not large enough to accommodate big families.
   C) They were mostly inhabited by people who did not earn much.
   D) They provided playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings.
33. The word "rage" (Line 11) means "________."
   A) be ignored                            C) encourage people greatly
   B) be in fashion                          D) develop with great force
34. Some people oppose the building of flats because ________.
   A) the living expenses for each individual family are higher
   B) they believe people like to live in houses with gardens
   C) it involves higher cost compared with the building of houses
   D) the disposal of rubbish remains a problem for those living in flats
35. The author mentions that people who live in suburban houses ________.
   A) do not have access to easy facilities because they live away from the city
   B) have to pay a lot of money to employ people to do service work
   C) have to spend more money and time travelling to work every day
   D) take longer time to know each other because they are a scattered community

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