2013年英語四級(jí)考試高級(jí)語法講義
否定：
全部否定和部分否定
eg. All the birds can not fly.
Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鳥都會(huì)飛。
1. 部分否定
eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鳥都會(huì)飛。
None of the birds can fly. 所有的鳥都不會(huì)飛。
代詞或副詞如all, both,every,everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等與not搭配使用時(shí)，表示部分否定，意思為“并非都是"等。
eg. All is not gold that glitters. 發(fā)光的并非都是金子。= Not all is gold that glitters.
2. 全部否定
英語中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表示全部否定的概念。
eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上無難事，只怕有心人。
eg. W: Daddy, I 've decided to give up science and go to business school.
M: Well, it is your choice as long as pay your own way, but I should warn you that not everyone with a business degree will make a successful manager.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
A. The man doesn't have money for his daughter's graduate studies.
B. The man doesn't think his daughter will get a business degree.
C. The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.
D. The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.
雙重否定
1.在閱讀當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)的頻率更高一些。在一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)否定詞：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none等，雙重否定表示肯定的概念。
eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself.
A perpson can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。
eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.
如果沒有能力進(jìn)行批判性思維，維護(hù)自己的觀點(diǎn)，并理解他人的觀點(diǎn)，他們就不能充分的參與我們的民主政治中來。
2.形式否定，意義肯定
eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一個(gè)男人可以擁有很多的領(lǐng)帶。
A woman can never have too many dresses. 一個(gè)女人擁有再多的衣服也不為過。
eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 對(duì)他的成就我們無論怎樣贊揚(yáng)也不過分。
eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一個(gè)母親對(duì)她的孩子再怎
么耐心也不為過。
A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一個(gè)老師對(duì)他的學(xué)生再怎么嚴(yán)格也不為過。
這種形式主要運(yùn)用于閱讀當(dāng)中。
副標(biāo)題#e#
3. 形式肯定，意義否定
�、賛ore A than B 意思為“是A 不是B ;與其說是B ，不如說是A”
eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 這本書看起來與其說是一本語法書，不如說是一本詞典。
He is more a composer than a singer. 與其說他是一個(gè)歌唱家不如說他是一個(gè)創(chuàng)作者。
�、� anything but 意思為“一點(diǎn)都不是，根本不是，絕對(duì)不是”
eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一個(gè)老師。
eg. I will do anything but that. 我決不干那件事。
�、� no more .... than與 not more ....than
no more ...than意為“兩者都不....”
eg. This book is no more interesting than thay one. 這本書和那本書一樣特別沒趣。
not more....than 意為“兩者都肯定，前者不如后者”
eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 這本書不如那本書有趣。
eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 這兩男孩都很誠實(shí)，前面的男孩不如后面的男孩誠實(shí)。
This boy is no more honest than that one. 這兩個(gè)男孩都不誠實(shí)。
④ no more than與 not more than
no more than 強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”，譯作“只有、不過、僅僅”
eg. He said no more than we had expected. 他只是說了我們所預(yù)料的而已。
eg. Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. 雖然他們認(rèn)為完成這任務(wù)只需三天，但我卻認(rèn)為至少需要六天。
not more than 是客觀敘述，意為“不超過”。
eg. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他身上帶的錢不超過五美元。
eg. He is not more than 10 years old. 他最多不超過10歲。
實(shí)例練習(xí)
1.
M: Wow, that's a big assignment we've got for the psychology class. W: Well , it's not as bad as it looks. It isn't due until Thursday morning. Q: What does the women mean?。
A. The assignment looks easy but actually it's quite difficult.
B. The assighment is too difficult for them to complete on time. C. They cannot finish the assighment until Thursday. D.They have plenty of time to work on the assighment.
2.
M: I ran into our friend Mark yesterday on the street and he said he hadn't heard from you for two months.
W: Yes, I know. But I've been too busy to phone him.
Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?
A. The man saw Mark on the street two months ago. B. The woman had forgotten Mark's phone number. C. The woman made a phone call to Mark yesterday. D.Mark and the woman had not been in touch for some time.
閱讀當(dāng)中： eg. Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too wague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.(0506閱讀)
調(diào)查者將約2，000種產(chǎn)品上所標(biāo)有的環(huán)保聲明記錄了下來，發(fā)現(xiàn)許多聲明要么過于模糊，要么誤導(dǎo)性太強(qiáng)，都不符合ISO 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
eg. "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." said Dr.Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body.(0512閱讀)
人們不應(yīng)該躲避壓力就像他們不應(yīng)該躲避食物、愛情或鍛煉身體一樣， no more .... than...= not....any more than...
eg. But those captured were anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.(0606閱讀)
這些被捕獲的人絕對(duì)不是恐怖分子，他們之中大多數(shù)人只是中南美洲的非法移民。
eg. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America's energy problems.(0506閱讀)
國家資源防御委員會(huì)堅(jiān)信政府勘探預(yù)測中數(shù)據(jù)的下限，認(rèn)為在ANWR的沿岸平原地帶可以經(jīng)濟(jì)性開采的石油只有32億桶。這個(gè)數(shù)量對(duì)于緩解美國的能源問題實(shí)際上起不到什么作用，簡直是滄海一粟。
總結(jié)：
1.部分否定
2.全部否定
3. 雙重否定：①在一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)否定詞;②形式否定，意義肯定
4. 形式肯定，意義否定
5. no more .... than與 not more ....than ;no more than與 not more than
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