Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words).
Personality is to a large extent inherent—a type parents usually bring about a type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major fact or in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.
Questions:
1. Beside inherence, personality is also deeply effected by ______________________.
2. Person who has A characteristics is ______________________________________.
3. What was disagreed to in schools by the author? ______________________________.
4. Why is top management of school to fit a child’s personality_____________________.
5. According to the 5th Para., B’s characteristic is suggested to be ________________.
短文大意
這篇文章主要談?wù)摰氖侨说男愿竦呐囵B(yǎng)。作者指出，個(gè)性雖然在很大程度上是與生俱來(lái)的，但環(huán)境的作用也很重要。作者指出，因?yàn)閷W(xué)校崇尚“不惜一切代價(jià)取勝”的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而使學(xué)校成為培養(yǎng)A型性格的主要場(chǎng)所。作者批評(píng)了這種以考試作競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的手段，因?yàn)檫@并不是學(xué)校的最高的辦學(xué)宗旨。
1.
【參考答案】 environment
【答題技巧】 “順藤摸瓜”，沿著與題相關(guān)的內(nèi)容深入下去。
【詳細(xì)解答】 問(wèn)題是“除了遺傳，性格還深受什么的影響”。文中第一段的第一句話講得明白：Personality is to a large extent inherent.(個(gè)性在很大程度上是與生俱來(lái)的)，這是一個(gè)與題相關(guān)的句子，沿著這個(gè)句子繼續(xù)走，可以得到“But the environment must also have a profound effect, “profound”意思是“deep”，也就是說(shuō)，環(huán)境對(duì)人的性格也有很深的影響。因此，答案不得而知。
2.
【參考答案】 keen to win / competitive
【答題技巧】 綜合考慮，歸納總結(jié)是本題的方法。
【詳細(xì)解答】 這個(gè)問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是A型人的性格。這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題，在原文中想一下子的找出答案是不容易的。必須先總的考慮一下第二段的文字。第二段有三個(gè)地方涉及到這個(gè)問(wèn)題：one place where children soak up A characteristics is school……(孩子形成A型性格的一個(gè)地方是學(xué)校，學(xué)校就其本質(zhì)而言是高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的場(chǎng)所);in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows(富有竟?fàn)幮缘腁型人看來(lái)就比B型人強(qiáng)。);Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences;(學(xué)生過(guò)分熱衷于獲勝可能要產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)的后果)。這樣，經(jīng)過(guò)綜合考慮后，得出competitive與be keen to win.
3.
【參考答案】 the disproportionate emphasis on examinations
【答題技巧】 由“肯定”走向“否定”的解決本題的捷徑。
【詳細(xì)解答】 本題問(wèn)的是作者否定的是學(xué)校里的什么。只要理解了第三段的第一句話，問(wèn)題就可以解決。By far the worst form of competition in schools is disproportion ate emphasis on examinations.學(xué)校里最最糟糕的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式是不恰當(dāng)?shù)貜?qiáng)調(diào)考試。根據(jù)這句話可知，disproportionate emphasis on examinations 恰恰是作者所否定的東西。
4.
【參考答案】 The world needs types
【答題技巧】 根據(jù)“結(jié)果”推向“原因”是解決本題的出路。
【詳細(xì)解答】 本題問(wèn)為什么學(xué)校的宗旨應(yīng)當(dāng)是培養(yǎng)的孩子的性格。這是個(gè)典型的因果關(guān)系的句子。根據(jù)已知的果(第四段未尾)It’s top management,一步一步往前推，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了：The world needs(世界上需要各種類(lèi)型的人)，與top management實(shí)際存在著一種邏輯上的因果關(guān)系。因此，答案為：The world needs types.
5.
【參考答案】 sensitive and sympathetic
【答題技巧】 利用已知的信息進(jìn)行推理并利用原文得出結(jié)論。
【詳細(xì)解答】 問(wèn)題是 ，根據(jù)第5段可知，B型人的性格是什么。第五段中有這樣一個(gè)例子，“Perhaps selection for caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in Chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.”(也許在挑選護(hù)理人員，尤其是醫(yī)務(wù)人員時(shí)，不要太看重化學(xué)考分，而應(yīng)多考慮對(duì)人的敏感性和同情心。)“sensitivity and sympathy”一詞，應(yīng)引起注意，因?yàn)檫@是與A型性格(前面已知)不同的。那么，繼續(xù)看，It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged。看到兒，我們幾乎可以肯定，sensitivity與sympathy是屬于B型的了。但為了與問(wèn)題相合，應(yīng)該把名詞改為形容詞即可。
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