首先通讀文章。該篇主要講的是:我們?nèi)祟惖囊恍┲饕獑栴}只有借助行為科學(xué)才能解決。而行為科學(xué)的發(fā)展與人類認(rèn)知環(huán)境對人類行為的影響密切相關(guān)。研究行為的技術(shù)手段存在的前提是它取代傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)理論。傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的自由和尊嚴(yán)是要求一個(gè)人對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定。但科學(xué)分析把這一切都?xì)w因于環(huán)境的作用。誰來使用這種技術(shù)手段?以及到什么樣的程度?研究行為的技術(shù)手段只有在這些問題得到解決之后才有可能不繼續(xù)受到排斥。
在通讀之后，我們再來分析理解劃線的句子。
一般來說，英漢兩種語言在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上有較大的差異。英譯漢試題中復(fù)合句、長難句較多，考生在答題時(shí)首先要弄清原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu)，找出句子的中心內(nèi)容，理清各層的意思，然后分析各層意思間的關(guān)系，最后按照漢語的特點(diǎn)譯出原文。
請看第61句。這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，結(jié)構(gòu)不太復(fù)雜。句子的框架是One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to…。that引導(dǎo)表語從句，在這個(gè)表語從句中包含了一個(gè)由what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，作介詞of的賓語。表語從句的主語是almost all of…，謂語動(dòng)詞是continues。雖然這個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)層次的從句，但是可以把原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)保留下來。全句譯為:難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。
再看第65句。這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。句子的框架是Until these issues are resolved，a technology of behavior will…and with it…。until引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。主句如果用肯定形式，那么，這個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句翻譯時(shí)可譯成“如果…不…”。在主句中，and又連接兩個(gè)并列的分句。it指代“a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected”，即指研究行為的技術(shù)手段受排斥這件事。with it possibly the only way to solved our problems之后省略了相同的謂語will also continue to be rejected。a technology of behavior在這里譯成“研究行為的技術(shù)手段”。理順了它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系之后，按層次把該句譯為:(如果)這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式也可能隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。
除了分析清楚各層次之間關(guān)系之外，句子翻譯的另一要點(diǎn)是:不能斷章取義�？佳蓄}的英譯漢是讓考生將一篇短文中的劃線部分翻譯出來，即斷章翻譯。然而，劃線部分是整篇文章中的有機(jī)部分，和上下文連為一體。因此，翻譯時(shí)尤其要注意劃線部分中的代詞所指代的內(nèi)容，同時(shí)在譯文中反映出來，做到準(zhǔn)確完整。
請看第62句。這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。句子的框架是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because…and partly because…。兩個(gè)partly because引導(dǎo)并列的原因狀語從句。主句是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change。原因狀語從句在句末可譯成“之所以…是因?yàn)椤钡木涫�。句中的explanatory items原意為“用來解釋的條目”。在此句中如果這樣直譯，那就有失準(zhǔn)確。因?yàn)閑xplanatory items指代的是61句中的states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature。所以，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)上下文譯為“用來解釋行為的依據(jù)”。此句譯成:行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋一直很難找到。 再看第64句。這是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句。在第二個(gè)分句中又有一個(gè)介詞in+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾practices。文中的人稱代詞they指代的是上句中的freedom and dignity。在翻譯此句時(shí)一定要根據(jù)語意環(huán)境，譯為“自由和尊嚴(yán)”。全句譯為:自由和尊嚴(yán)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。
在翻譯英語句子時(shí)，特別是長句時(shí)往往會(huì)碰到一些比較難翻的詞和詞組。所以，在確定詞義時(shí)一定要從詞語的搭配和句子或段落等語言單位對詞義進(jìn)行考慮，以保證詞義理解的準(zhǔn)確。詞義的引申和詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換是兩種重要的解題技能。它可以使譯文忠實(shí)通順，符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
例如:第63句。這是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句，句子的層次相對來說比較簡單。但句中的難點(diǎn)是詞組natural selection，selective role和動(dòng)詞formulate的翻譯。natural selection譯為“自然選擇”，selective role譯為“選擇作用”。動(dòng)詞formulate原意為“用簡明的形式表示”，在此應(yīng)引申為“闡明”。
英譯漢其目的是測試考生正確理解書面英語材料的能力。考試大綱規(guī)定，英譯漢試題通常是一篇約400詞的短文，要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文將文章中劃線的5個(gè)部分譯成漢語，譯文應(yīng)該通順達(dá)意。短文題材一般為政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)生活、文化教育或科普知識。2002年英譯漢試題譯文
我們遇到的幾乎所有重要問題都涉及到人的行為，而且僅靠物理技術(shù)和生物技術(shù)是無法解決這些問題的。我們所需要的是一種行為技術(shù)，但是可能產(chǎn)生這種技術(shù)的科學(xué)一直發(fā)展緩慢。(61)難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。物理學(xué)和生物學(xué)一度模仿類似的做法并且只有當(dāng)它們拋棄這些做法后才得到發(fā)展。(62)行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。環(huán)境因素顯然是重要的，但是它的作用仍然是模糊不清的。它既不推動(dòng)也不阻礙行為科學(xué)的發(fā)展，它具有選擇作用，因而這種作用是很難發(fā)現(xiàn)和分析的。(63)自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識和研究。然而，由于人(生物)和環(huán)境之間的相互作用已經(jīng)逐漸被人們所認(rèn)識，所以現(xiàn)在正開始從已知的環(huán)境去尋找一度認(rèn)為是心態(tài)、情感和性格特征所造成的影響其根源所在。因此就可以建立一門行為技術(shù)。但是，如果行為技術(shù)代替不了傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)發(fā)展以前的觀點(diǎn)，那它將無法解決我們的難題。而這些傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)是根深蒂固的。自由和尊嚴(yán)是難處之所在。(64)自由和尊嚴(yán)(它們)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提�？茖W(xué)的分析把責(zé)任和成績歸因于環(huán)境。它還提出有關(guān)“價(jià)值觀念”的種種問題。誰會(huì)使用一門技術(shù)?其目的何在?(65)在這些得到解決以前，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。
注釋:
1.assign…to…認(rèn)為…是…造成的。例如:1)They assigned his odd behavior to his ill health.(他們認(rèn)為他古怪的行為是身體不好造成的。)2)The fire was assigned to various causes.(這次火災(zāi)是種種原因造成的)
2.shift…to(onto)…把…推到…的頭上。例如:1)I mustn’t shift my responsibility to［upon］you.(我不能把責(zé)任推到你身上。)2)I don’t want to shift the blame onto her.(我不想把錯(cuò)推到她身上)
3.64題中g(shù)ive sb.credit for sth.意為“因?yàn)椤隙橙说墓凇保?The police was given credit for keeping the public services running smoothly.(由于使公用事業(yè)順利運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，警方受到表彰)
4.65題中with it隨之。and引導(dǎo)一個(gè)并列的省略分句，補(bǔ)全后為:and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected。
練習(xí)
Now zoom forward to our present time and think of our pre_Internet communications systems as sorts of protozoa(原生動(dòng)物)。What we’re witnessing today in the realm of cyberspace—the online reformulation of everything from the way we play and learn to how we shop and trade stocks may represent no less a world_ transforming change than the spectacular burst of creation so long ago.
One notable difference:The primeval organisms did not have a guide_book to inform them about what to expect and how to deal with some of the fabulous things to come.We do，in the recently released New Rules for the New Economy by Kevin Kelly，a founding editor of Wired magazine.
“The key premise of this book is that the principles governing the world of the soft—the world of intangibles，of media，of software，and of services—will soon command the world of the hard—the world of reality，of atoms，of objects，of steel and oil，and the hard work done by the sweat of brows，”Kelly writes.Driving this economic transformation is the combination of shrinking computers and expanding communications，he says，adding:(1)“We have seen only the beginnings of the anxiety，loss，excitement，and gains that many people will experience as our world shifts to a new highly technical planetary economy.”Does that sound like techno_hype?
It’s barely a taste of the radical and often counterintuitive“rules”that Kelly dishes out.(2)He employs an aphoristic(格言的)and，well，wired style that will easily appeal to geeks and should also turn on any mainstream readers who are a little more than curious about where the digitally rendered world is headed.
Where it’s likely headed，in Kelly’s words，is“upside down”。Chew，for example，on the idea that“the surest way to smartness is through massive dumbness”。What that means in essence is that tiny computer chips，though relatively“dumb”on their own，can be added to billions of mundane objects and，thereby，yield substantial economic benefits.Such as real time buying patterns on everything from shirts to soda cans.In the conventional world of supply and demand where we all grew up，value came from scarcity.As in，diamonds，gold and oil.In a world of digital imperatives，as Kelly correctly points out，“power comes from abundance.”(3)That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic computer interface，assuring that its market share would be savaged by Microsoft’s more open Windows operating system.Which leads us to another of Kelly’s hardwired laws:Follow the free.In the universe of atoms，as a resource is consumed it becomes more expensive to produce.As gold is mined，nuggets(天然金塊)at first may be easy，and therefore cheap，to find.But when particles of ore must be squeezed out of tons of rock，the price of gold becomes more dear.
But in what Kelly terms“the new order”，the law of plentitude kicks in，leading a savvy company such as Netscape to distribute its Web browser for free in order to sell auxiliary services or products.Similarly，expensive cell phones are offered as freebies(免費(fèi)的東西)to gain contracts for phone services.
Finally，Kelly tells us to look around and see how much the world has already changed under our very feet.(4)An American farmer today，for instance，may still get some dirt under his fingernails，but much of his labor is performed under the umbrella of the electronic network.The cab in his tractor has a wireless phone and a satellite_linked GPS location device;his home computer is connected to a never_ending stream of weather data，grain market reports and moisture detectors in the soil.(5)New Rules for the New Economy suggests that we might even learn something from those plucky life forms that exploded on the scene a half billion years ago.“The qualities needed to succeed in the network economy can be reduced to this:a facility for charging into the unknown.”
答案
文章大意: 正在日益縮小的電腦與不斷壯大的通訊業(yè)的結(jié)合在推動(dòng)著經(jīng)濟(jì)變革�！队芯�》雜志的創(chuàng)刊編輯凱文·凱利在他發(fā)表的《新經(jīng)濟(jì)之新規(guī)則》一書中指出:網(wǎng)絡(luò)正影響著全人類的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，而網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)使整個(gè)社會(huì)翻天覆地。而我們想在網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)中取得成功所需的素質(zhì)就是一種沖入未知領(lǐng)域的技能。(1)結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是We have seen only…and gains that many people will experience as our would shifts to…。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞the anxiety，loss，excitement，and gains。as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。shift to在此句中譯為“轉(zhuǎn)變”。gains在此句中應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“成就”。
參考譯文:我們看到的僅僅是我們的世界向一個(gè)新的高科技全球經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí)許多人將體驗(yàn)到的焦慮、失落、激動(dòng)與成就的開端。
(2)結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是He employs an aphoristic…style that will easily appeal to…and should also turn on…readers who…。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾style。在此從句中包含了由關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞any main_stream readers。where the digitally rendered world is headed作介詞about的賓語。main_stream readers在此譯為“主流讀者”。
參考譯文: 他采取的是一種格言式的而且還是有線的風(fēng)格，很容易吸引那些怪人，而且吸引那些主流讀者的興趣，他們對這個(gè)數(shù)字化世界的發(fā)展前途多少都有點(diǎn)好奇。
(3)結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 句子的框架是That was a principle that Apple…when it backed off from…，assuring that its market share would…。本句的主句是That was a principle…。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞principle。when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句�，F(xiàn)在分詞短語assuring that…充當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的原因狀語。名詞從句that its market share would be savaged by…作assuring的賓語。principle指代上文的“power comes from abundance”這一原則。back off原意為“屈服，讓步”，在此句中譯為“放棄”。
參考譯文:“蘋果”電腦公司悲劇性地未能理解這一原則，它放棄了它的圖形電腦界面的
銷售許可，因?yàn)閾?dān)心自己的市場份額會(huì)被微軟更開放的視窗操作系統(tǒng)無情地侵占。
(4)結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 句子的框架是An American farmer…may still get some dirt…，but much of his labor is performed under…。這是一個(gè)由but連接的并列句。dirt在此句中譯為“污泥，泥巴”。under the umbrella of應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“在…覆蓋下”。
參考譯文: 比如今日的美國農(nóng)民，也許指甲蓋里仍藏著些許污泥，但他的許多勞作都是在電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋下進(jìn)行的。
(5)結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 句子的框架是New Rules for the New Economy suggests that we might even learn…life forms that exploded on the scene…。that we might…是賓語從句，作suggest的賓語。在這個(gè)從句中包含了由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞plucky life forms。explode原意為“爆發(fā)，爆炸”，在此句中譯為“急速增長”。life forms指文中的原生動(dòng)物。
