二、英譯漢中的名詞的翻譯方法
1、不認(rèn)識(shí)的名詞
(1)從文章句形找它的解釋
例：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
未來學(xué)家皮爾森匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。
(2)看看前邊有沒有同義詞
例：But that,Pearson points out,is only the start of man-machine integration:It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
但皮爾森指出，這個(gè)突破僅僅是人機(jī)一體化的開始：“它是人機(jī)一體化漫長(zhǎng)之路的第一步，人機(jī)一體化最終會(huì)使人們?cè)谙率兰o(jì)末之前研制出完全電子化的仿真人。”
(3)從構(gòu)詞法找答案
例：Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.
天體物理學(xué)家使用南極陸基探測(cè)器及球載儀器，正越來越近地觀測(cè)這些云系，也許不久后會(huì)報(bào)告他們的觀測(cè)結(jié)果。
2、產(chǎn)生新意的名詞
(1)用邏輯推理法
例：In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.
一般地說，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則最差。
(2)緊扣文章的主題
例：There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見不一。
(3)語言環(huán)境
例：But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過去的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。
(4)熟悉習(xí)慣表達(dá)法
例：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對(duì)待動(dòng)物無須考慮道德問題。
3、抽象名詞如何處理
把抽象名詞按照以下四種方法來應(yīng)對(duì)
(1)名詞和動(dòng)詞的配合
例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使二十世紀(jì)二十年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所不可缺少的。
(2)用形容詞和名詞之間進(jìn)行配合
例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。
(3)名詞和句子之間進(jìn)行配合
例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。
(4)名詞和章之間進(jìn)行配合
例：It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來源的評(píng)論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
4、專有名詞的問題
包括人名、地名和專業(yè)術(shù)語
(1)熟悉的專有名詞
例：Galileo''s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
伽利略的最光輝業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谟谒?609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)而不是圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)的
(2)不太熟悉的專有名詞
例：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
未來學(xué)家皮爾森匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。
(3)復(fù)合性的專有名詞
例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使二十世紀(jì)二十年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所不可缺少的。
