Return of The Chain Gang

　　Eyewitnesses say it was a scene straight out of a black and white movie from the 1950s. As the sun rose over the fields of Huntsville, Alabama, in the American South, the convicts got down from the trucks that had brought them there. Watched over by guards with guns, they raised their legs in unison and made their way to the edge of the highway, Interstate 65. The BBC's Washington correspondent Clare Bolderson was there and she sent this report:"They wore white uniforms with the words 'Chain Gang' on their backs and, in groups of five, were shackled together in leg irons joined by an eight-foot chain. The prisoners will work for up to 90 days on the gang: they'll clear ditches of weeds and mend fences along Alabama's main roads. While they are working on the gang, they'll also live in some of the harshest prison conditions in the United States.

　　There'll be no televisions or phone calls; many other day-to-day privileges will be denied."

　　The authorities in Alabama say there is a lot of support for the re-introduction of chain gangs in the State after a gap of 30 years (the last gangs were abolished in Georgia in the early 1960s). Many people believe it is an effective way to get criminals to pay back their debt to society.

　　The prisoners stay shackled when they use toilets. They reacted sharply to the treatment they are given:Prisoner one: "This is like a circus. A zoo. All chained here to a zoo. We're all animals now."

　　Prisoner two: "It's degrading. It's embarrassing."

　　Prisoner three: "In chains. It's slavery!"

　　Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black, which is why the chain gangs call up images of slavery in centuries gone by, when black people were brought from Africa in leg irons and made to work in plantations owned by white men. Not surprisingly, although three quarters of the white population of Alabama supports chain gangs, only a small number of black people do. Don Claxton, spokesman for the State Government of Alabama, insists that the system is not racist:"This isn't something that's done for racial reasons, for political reasons. This is something that's going to help save the people of Alabama tax money because they don't have to pay as many officers to work on the highways. And it's going to help clean up our highways and it's going to help clean up the State."

　　However, the re-introduction of these measures has caused a great deal of strong disagreement. Human rights organizations say that putting prisoners in chains is not only inhumane but also ineffective.

　　Alvin Bronstein, member of the Civil Liberties Union, says that study after study has shown that you cannot prevent people from committing crimes by punishment or the threat of punishment: "What they will do is make prisoners more angry, more hostile, so that when they get out of prison, they will increase the level of their criminal behaviour."

　　Civil liberties groups say that chaining people together doesn't solve the causes of crime, such as poverty or disaffection within society. What it does is punish prisoners for the ills of society.

　　They say the practice takes the United States back to the Middle Ages, and that it is a shame to American society. But that's not an argument likely to win favour among many people in the Deep South of the United States. Alabama's experiment is to be widened to include more prisoners, and other States, such as Arkansas and Arizona, will very probably introduce their own chain gang schemes.

　　又把犯人串在一起了

　　看到這個(gè)情景的人說(shuō)，這就像50年代一部黑白電影中的場(chǎng)景：當(dāng)太陽(yáng)從美國(guó)南部阿拉巴馬州的亨茨威爾的田野上升起時(shí)，罪犯?jìng)儚倪\(yùn)送他們的卡車(chē)上下來(lái)。在持槍的衛(wèi)兵監(jiān)視下，他們步伐整齊地向65號(hào)州際的高速公路的路邊走去。英國(guó)廣播公司駐華盛頓記者克萊爾德森就在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，并發(fā)回如下報(bào)道：罪犯?jìng)兇┲�白我�?hào)衣，背上寫(xiě)有"Chain Gang"字樣。他們五人一組，用一條八英尺長(zhǎng)的鐵鏈把他們的腿拴在一起。這些囚犯要這樣串在一起干90天活兒;他們要清理排水溝上的雜草，要維修沿阿拉巴馬主干道的防護(hù)欄。他們要串在一起勞動(dòng)不說(shuō)，他們監(jiān)獄的有些條件也是美國(guó)最?lèi)毫拥模簺](méi)有電視，不讓接電話;其他日常生活的權(quán)利也被剝削。

　　阿拉巴馬州當(dāng)局說(shuō)，事隔30年，有許多人贊成恢復(fù)使用這種刑罰認(rèn)為這是讓罪犯向社會(huì)贖罪的有效方法。囚犯?jìng)兩蠋�所戴著鐐銬，他們對(duì)遭受的待遇反應(yīng)強(qiáng)烈：囚犯甲說(shuō)，"這簡(jiǎn)直是一個(gè)馬戲團(tuán)，一個(gè)動(dòng)物園。所有的人都被鏈子捆在一起，這是把我們當(dāng)動(dòng)物嘛!"

　　囚犯乙說(shuō)，"這不是踐踏人，羞辱人嘛!"

　　囚犯丙說(shuō)，"用鐵鐐，奴隸制才會(huì)這樣做。"

　　用鐵鏈串在一起的犯人60%是黑人，正因如此，這些帶鐐銬和囚犯想到了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)前的奴隸制下的種種景象，那時(shí)黑人帶著腳鐐從非洲帶來(lái)，被近在白人的種植園里干活。阿拉巴馬雖有3/4的白人支持帶鐐服刑，卻只有很少一部分黑人贊同這樣做，這就不足為怪了。阿拉巴馬州政府發(fā)言人唐克萊斯頓堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為這個(gè)辦法并沒(méi)有各族歧視的意思："這樣做并非是種族和政治原因。這樣做管理高速公路的干部少了，阿拉巴馬的百姓就可以少交些稅嘛。而且，還可以清理高速公路的衛(wèi)生，此外，全州的衛(wèi)生也可以得到清理。"

　　但是，恢復(fù)這些措施招致了許多人的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。一些人權(quán)組織認(rèn)為，把犯人用鐵鏈拴在一起既不人道也不起什么作用。"公民自由聯(lián)合會(huì)"的會(huì)員阿爾文布朗斯坦認(rèn)為，研究一再證明不能靠懲罰或用懲罰威嚇來(lái)阻止犯罪，"他們這樣做的結(jié)果是犯人更加惱怒，抵觸情緒更厲害。等出了獄，他們會(huì)變本加厲地做壞事。"

　　一些公民自由組織認(rèn)為，把人用鐵鏈拴起來(lái)不能消除像社會(huì)中存在的貧困以及不滿等犯罪根源;它的作用不亞于為懲罰囚犯來(lái)維護(hù)社會(huì)的弊病。他們覺(jué)得這是讓美國(guó)退回到了中世紀(jì)，是美國(guó)社會(huì)的恥辱。但這種說(shuō)法看來(lái)不大可能贏得美國(guó)南方腹地幾個(gè)州的人民的響應(yīng)。阿拉巴馬很快就要在更多的囚犯身上使用這個(gè)辦法，像阿肯和亞利桑那等其他幾個(gè)州也很有可能實(shí)行各自的一套串綁囚犯的辦法。