2007年大學(xué)英語四六級(jí)講義——四級(jí)寫作（下）

　　Model Composition

　　It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about. This is true not only in China but also in other countries. Love is of the utmost importance to the human beings. As is described in the picture, “l(fā)ove is a lamp which is brighter in darker places.” This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary people.

　　Take my neighbor as an example. There are three members in their family and the two adults were laid off last year. The only child will have to drop out of school next semester. In order to help them, I donated all my money—300 yuan to pay the tuition. And I plan to call on others to donate more money.(11) Though I cannot do a lot, I have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.

　　So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.

　　Follow-up Exercise

　　Homework

　　l Show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the cartoon;

　　l State the negative effects of the phenomenon;

　　l Give your solutions to the problem.

　　(Clue: 麻將牌mahjong pieces, 打麻將play mahjong)

　　二、應(yīng)用文題型 (Applied Writing)

　　應(yīng)用文的范圍很廣，包括書信、便條、廣告、簡(jiǎn)歷以及通知等諸方面。英語考試中的應(yīng)用文以書信為主、兼或有報(bào)告、演講詞、導(dǎo)游介紹之類的要求，這一點(diǎn)在大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試中屢有所見。

　　書 信

　　英文書信一般包括六個(gè)部分：

　　ü 信頭-----------------------寫信人的地址和日期

　　ü 收信人內(nèi)文地址--------收信人的姓名及地址

　　ü 稱呼-----------------------對(duì)收信人的稱謂語，寫在內(nèi)文地址以下兩行

　　ü 正文-----------------------寫信人的身份及寫信目的

　　ü 結(jié)束客套語----------------信尾謙辭

　　ü 簽名

　　l 稱謂(Salutation)

　　這兒指寫信人對(duì)收信人的稱謂。從左邊頂格寫起，自成一行，比信內(nèi)地址低兩行。其開頭詞和專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母還應(yīng)大寫。稱謂后，英國(guó)人喜用逗號(hào)，而美國(guó)人則用冒號(hào)。

　　ü “Dear” 的用法：

　　最常見的是用Dear + (頭銜)姓或名，如：Dear Professor Chen, Dear Mr. Alan 或Dear Isabel, 也就是在Mr., Mrs, Miss, Ms, Prof., Dr. 等后只用姓，不用名字。如果關(guān)系比較親密，可用My Dear…。

　　ü 給某個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)或你不認(rèn)識(shí)的人寫信，則按如下稱呼寫：

　　Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Sirs, Gentlemen, Dear Madame,

　　Ladies or Madame, To Whom It May Concern.

　　ü 寫給政府各部門首長(zhǎng)，如參議員、法官、大使、市長(zhǎng)等可用Hon. (Honorable 閣下的縮寫)，表示尊重。

　　l 正文(Body)

　　正文是書信的主要部分。通常在低于稱呼一行處寫起，每段開頭要向后縮進(jìn)五到八個(gè)字母。正文從內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)上一般包括：

　　ü 寫信人的身份及寫信目的------------位于開頭部分，一般是寒暄或點(diǎn)明寫信的目的;要寫得貼切、熱情、恰如其分。

　　ü 寫信人的想法，請(qǐng)求等細(xì)節(jié)--------位于中間部分，敘述一封信的主要內(nèi)容，要求寫得具體明了，直截了當(dāng)

　　ü 向收信人表示謝意、希望等---------位于結(jié)尾部分，通常寫一些表示祝愿、問候、感謝等結(jié)束敬語或希望之類的話語。

　　下面是一些寫信時(shí)的常用表達(dá)：

　　開頭語常用表達(dá)：

　　ü 寒暄或關(guān)于“接到你的某月某日的信”

　　Excuse me of not writing you for such a long time.

　　Your letter dated the 10th inst. (instant 本月) is at hand.

　　I feel complimented by the kindness of your letter which arrived this morning.

　　Words can’t express my delight of receiving your letter dated Aug. 27.

　　ü 點(diǎn)明目的，表示通知、消息。

　　I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor.

　　I have the pleasure to tell you that our friend, Jim, will get married in the New Year’s Day.

　　I am very much delighted to inform that you will get a promotion soon.

　　結(jié)尾語常用表達(dá)：

　　ü We send you our best wishes.

　　ü With best regards.

　　ü Looking forward to hearing from you soon.

　　ü Love to all you.

　　ü Please give my best regards to your family / parents.

　　ü All the luck in the world to you.

　　結(jié)尾謙辭(Complementary Close)。

　　結(jié)尾謙辭指寫信人對(duì)收信人的謙辭稱，寫在正文下第二、三行處，從信紙中間稍向右處或齊頭左頂格寫起，第一字母大寫，末尾加逗號(hào)。結(jié)尾謙辭根據(jù)通信人之間關(guān)系的親疏恰當(dāng)選擇。常見的有以下幾種：

　　ü 通常使用：

　　Sincerely,(Your Sincerely; Sincerely yours; Most sincerely)

　　Truly，(Yours truly; very truly yours)

　　ü 給上級(jí)、長(zhǎng)輩、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)或公務(wù)信件用：

　　Respectively yours,

　　Faithfully yours,

　　ü 一般同事或熟人之間用：

　　Yours ever,

　　Your friend,

　　Cordially yours,

　　ü 寫出親屬或關(guān)系非常親密的是：

　　With love,

　　Love,

　　All my love,

　　Forever yours

　　Yours affectionately,

　　Your loving son / daughter

　　書信作文的語體問題

　　就書信作文而言，作文內(nèi)容固然重要，但語體更是問題。英文書信大致可分為事務(wù)書信(Business Letters)和個(gè)人書信(Personal Letters)兩種。前者是單位與單位或個(gè)人與單位之間來往的信件，語體比較正規(guī)(formal);后者則是個(gè)人與個(gè)人之間的飛鴻，表達(dá)較為隨便(Personal)。但有時(shí)，同一封信可以采用正式與非正式兩種語體表達(dá)，這就要求考生具有明辨和變換語體的能力。會(huì)變換語體，就要掌握大量詞匯和句子結(jié)構(gòu)、套語，尤其是同義詞的不同感情色彩以及委婉語氣和祈使句的應(yīng)用。一般說來，正式文多采用包含would, should, might 等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語句，而個(gè)人書信除對(duì)師長(zhǎng)的客套外，大都可融進(jìn)少量口語體的句子(如祈使句、感嘆句等)。值得一提的是廣義虛擬語氣在書信中的應(yīng)用(凡要表達(dá)客氣委婉的語氣或留有余地的主觀愿望而使用的虛擬語氣屬廣義用法)。廣義虛擬語氣涉及到若干固定句式，比如：

　　l 陳述看法

　　I believed/thought/guessed/supposed/…that+表述內(nèi)容(用過去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在時(shí)是客氣委婉的表示。)

　　l 提出勸告、建議

　　It would/could be fine to do …

　　You might as well do …

　　You should do…

　　l 提出請(qǐng)求、詢問意向

　　I would (very much) like to V …

　　Could you ...

　　Would you …

　　l 表明意向

　　I was wondering if …

　　I wondered if …

　　以上句式在正式或比較正式的書信中是常見的，應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)使用。

　　實(shí)例1----2002年1月真題

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:

　　假設(shè)你是李明，請(qǐng)你就本校食堂的狀況給校長(zhǎng)寫一封信，內(nèi)容應(yīng)涉及食堂的飯菜質(zhì)量、價(jià)格、環(huán)境、服務(wù)等，可以是表揚(yáng)，可以是批評(píng)建議，也可以兼而有之。

　　Model Composition

　　January 12th, 2002

　　Dear Mr. President,

　　I am a student here. I write you this letter to say a few words about the dining halls in this university.

　　First, the food in the dining halls is not delicious enough, either too salty or too watery, especially in Dining Hall 3. Second, the prices in dining hall are very high and usually we cannot afford it. Third, the dining halls are always very crowed and we can seldom find seats if arriving there not early enough and the tables are not cleaned in time. Anyway, what is good is that the working staff in the dining halls are quite kind, friendly and patient, and they usually try their best to meet the demand of the students and teachers.

　　Thus I suggest enlarging the dining halls and improving the quality of foods and reducing the prices to what is acceptable to all the students.

　　Best wishes.

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

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