新東方：英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試閱讀30天學(xué)習(xí)筆記

　　67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?

　　A) They have no doubts about them.

　　B) They have doubts about them.

　　C) They approve of them.

　　D) They avoid talking about them.

　　注：只有B 項(xiàng)為負(fù)態(tài)度

　　"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, "says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."

　　注：anticipation 期望，預(yù)期

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.

　　注：uninspired 沒(méi)有靈感的 inspire 激勵(lì)，有靈感

　　In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

　　66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _________.

　　A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards

　　B) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity

　　C) the study of relationship between actions and their consequences

　　D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance

　　注：文章第一段 divided 對(duì)應(yīng)opposing，attitude 對(duì)應(yīng) views，A和B選項(xiàng)涉及插入語(yǔ)，為次要成分干擾選項(xiàng)，C為竄句干擾選項(xiàng)

　　●竄句選項(xiàng)：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞回文章定位對(duì)應(yīng)語(yǔ)句，如該句話包含題干答案，則凡涉及該段其他語(yǔ)句的選項(xiàng)為竄句選項(xiàng);如該句不包含答案，到其上下句中尋找答案

　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (認(rèn)知學(xué)派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.

　　68. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?

　　A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.

　　B) Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.

　　C) Giving them rewards they really deserve.

　　D) Giving them rewards they anticipate.

　　注：中立調(diào)和態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)，A和B選項(xiàng)來(lái)自第三段第一句，錯(cuò)誤推理

　　"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."

　　69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.

　　A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

　　B) punishment is more effective than rewarding

　　C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards

　　D) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency