一、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) (Tenses and Voices of Verbs)
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有16種時(shí)態(tài):
一般 |
進(jìn)行 |
完成 |
完成進(jìn)行 | |
現(xiàn)在 |
am, is, are, do, does |
am / is / are doing |
have / has done |
have / has been doing |
將來(lái) |
will / shall do |
will / shall be doing |
will / shall have done |
will / shall have been doing |
過(guò)去 |
was, were, did, v-ed |
was / were doing |
had done |
had been doing |
過(guò)去 將來(lái) |
would / should do |
would / should be doing |
would / should have done |
would / should have been doing |
但是常見(jiàn)的只有9種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行
時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1) 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作;表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征和真理。句中常用often, usually, every day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
2) 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。例如:
He goes to school every day.
If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.
2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
1) 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
2) 表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,也可用 “used to” 和 “would + 動(dòng)詞原形”。
注意:used to表示過(guò)去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。另外, “be used to + 名詞或動(dòng)名詞” 表示 “習(xí)慣于……”。例如:
He worked in a factory in 1986.
I used to smoke when I was a college freshman.
3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其表達(dá)形式除了“will或shall + 動(dòng)詞原形”外,還有以下幾種形式:
1)“be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”,表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。例如:
We are going to have a meeting today.
2)go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:
I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
3)“be to + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的事或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn),或表示命令。例如:
The boy is to go to school tomorrow.
4)“be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:
We are about to leave.
4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“to be + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,另外,“系動(dòng)詞+介詞短語(yǔ)或副詞”也表示進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義。例如:
What are you doing?
The bridge is under construction.
2) 表示感覺(jué)、愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞如have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。
5. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻、某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“was / were + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。例如:
He was reading a novel when I came in.
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have / has + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。其使用有以下情況:
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話之前已完成,而對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。句中沒(méi)有具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:
He has gone to Fuzhou.(說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為他不在該地)
He has been to Fuzhou.(說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為他在該地)
2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去。常用for或since表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)或so far, now, today, this week / month / year等表示包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的狀語(yǔ)。例如:
He has studied English for 5 years.
He has studied English since 1990.
注意:表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞,如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成時(shí)不能與for, since等表示一段時(shí)間的詞連用。
3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還用在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。例如:
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
7. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。句中常用by, before, until, when等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
2) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去。例如:
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
8. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去的某時(shí)間看來(lái)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由“should / would + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。第一人稱用should,其他人稱用would。例如:
They were sure that they would succeed.
9. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have (has) + been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束,F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有時(shí)可以交換使用,含義沒(méi)有什么差別,如work, study, live, teach等。例如:
I have worked here for three years.
I have been working here for three years.
但多數(shù)動(dòng)詞在這兩種時(shí)態(tài)中表示不同意思。例如:
I have written a letter. (已寫(xiě)完)
I have been writing a letter. (還在寫(xiě))
注意:表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,如finish, marry, get up, come, go等不能用這種時(shí)態(tài)。
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