2008年考研英語模擬試題一及答案解析

　　Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500，000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.

　　Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning area of scientific research. “This is a small incident， but it's incident like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence， ”says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to whom we export are going to look at this.”

　　The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn't inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn't were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig who's tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market， ”says Charles Zukoski， vice chancellor for research.

　　But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university's agreement with the FDA， the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”

　　The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.

　　21. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from��

　　［A］ Europe［B］ an American research organization

　　［C］ a meat processing plant［D］ an animal farm

　　22. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to��

　�。跘］ get pigs of larger size in a shorter time

　　［B］ make sows produce more milk

　�。跜］ make cows produce more milk

　　［D］ make pigs grow more lean meat

　　23. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ��

　�。跘］ was criticized by the FDA

　　［B］ is in great trouble

　�。跜］ is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets

　　［D］ may have to pay the penalty

　　24. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets��

　�。跘］ may have side effects on consumers ［B］ may be harmful to consumers

　　［C］ are safe to consumers［D］ may cause human illness

　　25. It can be inferred from this passage that��

　�。跘］ all the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering

　�。跙］ part of the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering

　�。跜］ none of the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering

　　［D］ half of the offspring have their mothers' genetic engineering

　　Text 2

　　Foods are overwhelmingly the most advertised group of all consumer products in the United States. Food products lead in expenditures for network and spot television advertisements， discount coupons， trading stamps， contests， and other forms of premium advertising. In other media—newspapers， magazines， newspaper supplements， billboards， and radio—food advertising expenditures rank near the top. Food manufacturers spend more on advertising than any other manufacturing group， and the nation's grocery stores rank first among all retailers.

　　Through the 1970's， highly processed foods have accounted for the bulk of total advertising. Almost all coupons， electronic advertising， national printed media advertising， consumer premiums （other than trading stamps） as well as most push promotion come from processed and packaged food products. In 1978， breakfast cereals， soft drinks， candy and other desserts， oils and salad dressings， coffee， and prepared foods accounted for only an estimated 20 percent of the consumer food dollar. Yet these items accounted for about one half of all media advertising.
　　By contrast， highly perishable foods such as unprocessed meats， poultry， fish and eggs， fruits and vegetables， and diary products accounted for over half of the consumer food-at-home dollar. Yet these products accounted for less than 8 percent of national media advertising in 1978， and virtually no discount coupons. These products tend to be most heavily advertised by the retail sector in local newspaper， where they account for an estimated 40 percent of retail grocery newspaper ads.

　　When measured against total food-at-home expenditures， total measured food advertising accounts for between 3 and 3.7 cents out of every dollar spent on food in the nation's grocery stores. A little less than one cent of these amounts is accounted for by electronic advertising （mostly television） while incentives account for 0.6 cents. The printed media accounts for 0.5 cents and about one-third of one cent is comprised of discount coupon redemptions. The estimate for the cost of push promotion ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 cents. This range is necessary because of the difficulty in separating non-promotional aspects of direct selling-transportation， technical， and other related services.